Hepatitis C virus is a hepatolymphotropic virus that was also detected in various organs of the body. Furthermore, this form of infection may be presented for the first time by an extrahepatic manifestation. Different extrahepatic manifestations for hepatitis C was described; these extend from strong associations as in mixed cryoglobulinemia to others were anecdotal finding as vitiligo was reported. The list of extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C is extending. In this review we tried to shade the light on this expanding list.

In late 2019, a novel coronavirus, now designated SARS-CoV-2, emerged and was identified as the cause of an outbreak of acute respiratory illness in Wuhan, a city in China, named as COVID-19. Since then the waves of the virus exponentially hit many countries around the globe with high rates of spread associated with variable degrees of morbidity and mortality. The WHO announced the pandemic state of the infection in March 2020 and by June 1st 2020 more than 6 million individuals and more than 370 thousands case fatalities were documented worldwide. In this article, we discussed many aspects regarding this emerged infection based on the available evidence aiming to help clinician to improve not only their knowledge but also their practices toward this infection.

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Background: Infection with the bacteria Helicobacter pylori is frequent in both young and old. Antibiotic susceptibility testing on an individual or community level, as well as data on antibiotic use and clinical outcomes, should inform the most effective local regimen for eradication. Objective: The aim of the current work was to evaluate the efficacy of commonly used antibiotics against Helicobacter pylori and to determine diagnostic stool antigen test accuracy performed after H. pylori medical treatment. Patients and Methods: This prospective single arm cohort study included a total of 55 patients who tested positive for H. pylori, followed at Departments of Tropical Medicine and Pathology, Zagazig University Hospitals. This study was conducted between July 2020 and January 2021. Results: H. pylori infection was more common in middle age group 32.6±8.58 and more in female (56.4%). The most frequent presentations were dyspepsia (63.6%), epigastric pain (23.6%) and abdominal fullness 12.7% of the cases. Gastritis 49.1%, duodenitis 32.7%, gastric ulcer 12.7% and duodenal ulcer 10.9%, are the common endoscopic diagnosis in H. pylori infection. After therapy, there was a moderate statistically significant agreement between biopsy and stool in diagnosis of H. pylori infection with sensitivity 90%, but specificity 73.3% and accuracy 76.4%. Conclusion:It could be concluded that Helicobacter Pylori stool antigen test is highly sensitive with moderate specificity and accuracy for diagnosis of H. pylori infection post anti H. pylori therapy.

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