Summary The rates of penetration of some organisms into intact fresh, frozen and cooked meat were investigated. S. enteritidis penetrated into intact fresh meat to a depth of 15 cm. within 36 hours (30°C) and within 48 hours if meat is stored at 7°C. It reached a depth of 10 cm. after 60 hours storage at −10°C. The rates of penetration of Ps. aeruginosa into fresh meat held at 30°, 7° and − 10°C were similar. The rates of penetration of the organisms investigated did not differ in cooked meat from those in fresh meat kept at 30°C in the case of S. enteritidis and Pr. mirabilis. Str. pyogenes “group A” penetrated least into intact fresh or cooked meat. S. enteritidis, Pr. mirabilis and Ps. aeruginosa remained at a depth of 1 cm after 12 hours in frozen meat till the end of the experiment (60 hr.). Str. pyogenes and Saccharomyces zimmeri could not penetrate into intact frozen meat but remained viable on the surface. The public health hazard and economic importance of the results are discussed. Zusammenfassung Penetrationsrate von einigen Mikroorganismen im Fleisch Die Rate des Eindringens von einigen Mikroorganismen in intaktes, frisches, gefrorenes oder gekochtes Fleisch wurde untersucht. S. enteritidis drang in intaktem, frischen Fleisch bei 30°C innerhalb von 36 Stunden, bei 7°C innerhalb von 48 Stunden bis zur Tiefe von 15 cm vor, und erreichte eine Tiefe von 20 cm nach 60 Stunden bei einer Lagerung bei − 10°C. Die Penetrationsrate von Ps. aeruginosa in intaktes, frisches Fleisch, welches ebenfalls bei verschiedenen Temperaturen gehalten wurde, war bei 30°, 7° und − 10°C pro Zeiteinheit gleich stark. Die Rate der Penetration der geprüften Mikroorganismen unterschied sich im Fall von S. enteritidis und Pr. mirabilis in gekochtem Fleisch nicht von der bei frischem Fleisch, wenn die Temperatur 30°C betrug. Str. pyogenes, Gruppe A diffundierte als letzter in frisches oder gekochtes Fleisch. S. enteritidis, Pr. mirabilis und Ps. aeruginosa blieben ab der dreizehnten Stunde bis zum Ende des Experiments in gefrorenem Fleisch in der Tiefe von 1 cm nachweisbar. Str. pyogenes und Saccharomyces zimmeri waren nicht in der Lage, in intaktes gefrorenes Fleisch einzudringen, blieben aber auf der Oberfläche lebensfähig. Die Ergebnisse werden in bezug auf die Gefährdung der Öffentlichkeit und ihre wirtschaftliche Bedeutung diskutiert. Résumé Taux de pénétration de quelques microorganismes dans la viande On détermine la pénétration de quelques microorganismes dans la viande fraîche intacte, congelée ou cuite. S. enteritidis progresse dans la viande fraîche intacte en 36 heures á 30°C, en 48 heures á 7°C, jusqu'á une profondeur de 15 cm, ou atteint une profondeur de 10 cm après 60 heures de stockage à − 10°C. La pénétration de Ps. aeruginosa dans la viande fraîche intacte, conservée à des températures différentes, est la même par unité de temps á 30°, 7° et − 10°C. Avec S. enteritidis et Pr. mirabilis, on observe la même pénétration des microorganismes dans la viande cuite et dans la viande fraîche, á une température de 30°C. Str...
Background: Dental anxiety is one of the causes of avoiding dental visits in children and is associated with physiological body reactions as increased heart rate. Different behavior management techniques have been used to reduce dental anxiety among them are Tell-show-do technique and audiovisual (AV) distraction. Aim:To determine the effect of audiovisual distraction on heart rate during dental treatment in children. Subjects and methods:Forty-two patients requiring pulp therapy were randomly allocated to either control group (managed by tell-show-do technique) or test group (managed by audiovisual distraction using virtual reality eyeglasses). Heart rate measures were recorded for all patients before the treatment and every five minutes during the procedure. Results were tabulated and statistically analyzed.Results: There was a statistically significant difference in heart rate mean values between both study groups. Where AV distraction group showed better results in lowering anxiety. Conclusions:Audiovisual distraction can be considered an effective method for reducing anxiety during dental treatment and helping the patients enjoy the dental visit.
Dental caries is considered a major public health problem. In 2014, the Ministry of Health and population and the WHO country office surveyed the oral health status of over 10,000 citizens in the 27 Egyptian governorates. The survey results stated that almost 70% of the surveyed children had untreated caries (WHO EMRO, 2014).
Background: Inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) anesthesia is a painful procedure & many attempts are made to render the injection painless, especially in children. Aim: To assess discomfort expressed during modified two-stage IANB injection versus one-stage injection in 8-10 years old children. Subjects & Methods: Sixty children were randomly & equally allocated to either intervention group (two-stage) or control group (one-stage). For all patients, topical anesthesia gel was applied. Intervention group: A short needle was used for the initial piercing & deposition of the local anesthesia (LA), the needle was inserted for 4mm & 0.4ml of the solution was deposited, then withdrawn. After 5 min, a long needle (gauge 27) was advanced till the point of LA drug deposition & bone touching & the rest of the LA solution was deposited. Control group: A long needle was inserted, dropping 0.4 ml of the solution incrementally till the point of LA drug deposition & bone touching & the rest of the LA solution was deposited. The overall patients' levels of discomfort were assessed using Face Legs Activity Cry Consolability scale (FLACC) & Facial Image Scale (FIS). Results were tabulated & statistically analyzed. Results: For FLACC scale, the post-anesthetic values recorded a median=1 (range=0-3) in two-stages group, & a median=2 (range=0-4) in one-stage group; with statistically significant difference between them (p=0.00). For FIS, a median=2 (range=1-4) in the two-stage group & a median = 3 (range=1-5) in one-stage group; the difference between groups was statistically significant (p=0.017). Conclusion: The two-stage IANB injection technique is a simple & an effective method of reducing the overall discomfort in children.
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