IMPORTANCE Chest radiography is the most common diagnostic imaging examination performed in emergency departments (EDs). Augmenting clinicians with automated preliminary read assistants could help expedite their workflows, improve accuracy, and reduce the cost of care. OBJECTIVE To assess the performance of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in realistic radiology workflows by performing an objective comparative evaluation of the preliminary reads of anteroposterior (AP) frontal chest radiographs performed by an AI algorithm and radiology residents. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This diagnostic study included a set of 72 findings assembled by clinical experts to constitute a full-fledged preliminary read of AP frontal chest radiographs. A novel deep learning architecture was designed for an AI algorithm to estimate the findings per image. The AI algorithm was trained using a multihospital training data set of 342 126 frontal chest radiographs captured in ED and urgent care settings. The training data were labeled from their associated reports. Image-based F1 score was chosen to optimize the operating point on the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve so as to minimize the number of missed findings and overcalls per image read. The performance of the model was compared with that of 5 radiology residents recruited from multiple institutions in the US in an objective study in which a separate data set of 1998 AP frontal chest radiographs was drawn from a hospital source representative of realistic preliminary reads in inpatient and ED settings. A triple consensus with adjudication process was used to derive the ground truth labels for the study data set. The performance of AI algorithm and radiology residents was assessed by comparing their reads with ground truth findings. All studies were conducted through a web-based clinical study application system. The triple consensus data set

A linear theory of two-photon amplification by three-level atoms in the cascade configuration is developed, where a coherence is induced between the top and bottom levels, by an external classical driving field. It is shown that this system becomes an ideal parametric amplifier for sufficiently strong driving field, whereas for a weak driving field it is a phase-insensitive amplifier. In between these two extremes, one finds phase-sensitive amplification as well as squeezing for a certain range. The system does not, however, reduce to a model studied previously where the atomic coherence was treated as an initial condition. The system is also studied in a cavity configuration: It is predicted that the oscillator may behave as a two-photon correlated emission laser, i.e. , its phase diffusion coefficient vanishes.

Onto-Tools is a freely available web-accessible software suite, composed of an annotation database and nine complementary data-mining tools. This article describes a new tool, Onto-Express-to-go (OE2GO), as well as some new features implemented in Pathway-Express and Onto-Miner over the past year. Pathway-Express (PE) has been enhanced to identify significantly perturbed pathways in a given condition using the differentially expressed genes in the input. OE2GO is a tool for functional profiling using custom annotations. The development of this tool was aimed at the researchers working with organisms for which annotations are not yet available in the public domain. OE2GO allows researchers to use either annotation data from the Onto-Tools database, or their own custom annotations. By removing the necessity to use any specific database, OE2GO makes the functional profiling available for all organisms, with annotations using any ontology. The Onto-Tools are freely available at http://vortex.cs.wayne.edu/projects.htm.

The even and odd coherent states are generalized for multimode case. The explicit forms for the photon distribution, Q-function and Wigner function are derived. In particular, it is shown that for two-mode case there exist strong correlations between these modes, under certain conditions, which are responsible for two-mode squeezing in case of even coherent statesComment: LATEX,22 pages,INFN-NA-IV-93/34,DSF-T-93/3

A three-level cascade atomic system is considered where atomic coherence can be achieved either by applying an intense pump field or initially preparing the atoms in a coherent superposition of the states. It is predicted that the system, under certain conditions, exhibits almost perfect squeezing outside the cavity. By using the steady-state Q solution it is also shown that certain higher-order squeezing can also be achieved inside the cavity, under a suitable choice of di6'erent parameters.PACS number(s): 42.50.Dv