Extracellular vesicles are small single lipid membrane entity secreted by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and play an important role in intercellular signaling and nutrient transport. The last few decades have witnessed a plethora of research on these vesicles owing to their ability to answer many hidden facts at the supramolecular level. These extracellular vesicles have attracted the researchers because they act as shuttle agents to transfer biomolecules/drugs between cells. Recently, studies have shown the application of exosomes in tumor therapy and infectious disease control. The present review article shows the importance of exosomes in cancer biology and infectious disease diagnoses and therapy and provides comprehensive account of exosomes biogenesis, extraction, molecular profiling, and application in drug delivery.

In this study, the bacterial strain CEES 33 was isolated from the coastal area of the Red Sea, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The bacterium isolate was identified and characterized by using biochemical and molecular methods. The isolate CEES 33 has been identified as Gram-negative rod shaped and cream pigmented spherical colonies. It also demonstrated a positive result for nitrate reduction, oxidase, catalase, citrate utilization, lipase and exopolysaccharide production. Strain CEES 33 was characterized at the molecular level by partial 16S rRNA sequencing and it has been identified as (EMBL|LN835275.1). The lipolytic activity of the isolate was also observed 2.105 nkatml. Furthermore, the bacterial aqueous extract was used for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which was further confirmed by UV-visible spectra (430 nm), XRD and SEM analysis. Moreover, the biological functional group that involved in AgNPs synthesis was confirmed by FTIR spectra. The biological activities of AgNPs were also investigated, which showed a significant growth inhibition of with 16 ± 2 mm zone of inhibition at 10 μg dose/wells. Therefore, bacterium Marinobacter might be used in future for lipase production and nanoparticles fabrication for biomedical application, to control fungal diseases caused by .

Global modernization demands a huge energy for developing new technologies to meet the increasing human needs. The initial source of energy was fossil fuels that might release some harmful gases. Burning of fossil fuels was practiced since the 18th century, which consequently resulted in 40% increase in atmospheric CO2 according researcher. Presently, the atmospheric level of C is increasing day by day. However, this level would reach ~1000 ppm at the end of this century. The consistent discharge of CO2 into the atmosphere is a major threat to global warming; hence, it is important to minimize the atmospheric CO2 by using innovative carbon sequestration technologies. Therefore, soil and water can act as a sink for C storage with the assistance of microorganisms. Here, an attempt is made to discuss these processes in details, interactions between plant and microbes, and the requirement of C sources for C sequestration in the context of climate change. We also conferred about the development of microbial inoculants for C sequestrations and their application for sustainability of agro-ecosystems.