Background: Anemia is a worldwide public health problem, with significant outcomes for health social and economic growth of each country. Anemia is a hemoglobin concentration two standard deviation lower than the mean hemoglobin concentration for a normal population range of the same age and gender. Objective: To assess the prevalence of anemia in children and its contributing factors under 5 years old in Diyala/Iraq. Patients and Methods: A prospective cross sectional study was conducted at Al-Batool maternity and children teaching hospital from the first of August 2017 to first of January 2018. Five hundreds of children from the six months to five years old were included in the current study. Results:The percentage of anemia in the studied sample was 142 (28.4%), from which 104 (73.5%) was iron deficiency anemia, 2 (1.1%) was thalassemia major and intermedia and 6 (4.4%) was B-thalassemia trait and 30 (21%) other type of anemia. There were a highly significant association between anemia and artificial feeding, prolonged breast-feeding, tea consumption, worm infestations, absence of prenatal care, low birth weight, low parental education and low wealth index. They were a significant association between anemia and male gender, rural residency and positive family history of anemia. Conclusion: Anemia still represents a major health problem in children under 5 years in Diyala province with prevalence of 142 (28.4%), most of them 104 (73.5%) was iron deficiency anemia.

Background: Abdominal epilepsy is a rare condition mostly found in children, consisting of gastrointestinal disturbances caused by epileptiform seizure activity. Objective: To study chronic about pain in relation to about to aplie. Patients and Methods: A cross sectional study conducted in Albatool teaching hospital with a total number of 450 patient enrolled in the study suffering from chronic abdominal pain with signs and symptoms suggestive of either abdominal migraine or abdominal epilepsy and the sample selected according to electroencephalogram finding and the response to antiepileptic drugs. Results: The incidence of abdominal epilepsy was 34 patient (7.5%) most of them were of age group between 6-12 year, which was 23 patient (67.6). All had common symptoms of paroxysmal abdominal pain , Paleness after attack observed as a common feature (32patient), tendency to sleep after attack seen in 25patient (73.5%).constipation and bloating together seen in 32 patient (94.4%) while diarrhea seen in 4 patient All of these patients investigated thoroughly for their gastrointestinal symptoms to rule out any organic diseases. All patients had constant abnormality on electroencephalogram suggestive of seizure disorder. These patients given anticonvulsant with a good response in a follow-out period of two years. Conclusion: Abdominal epilepsy was a common health problem.

Background: Congenital anomalies or birth defects are groups of disordered of prenatal origin which can be caused by single gene defect, chromosomal disordered, multifactorial inheritance, and environmental teratogens. Objective: To detect the incidence and types of congenital anomalies, as well as other associated factors. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in Albatool teaching hospital in Baquba city in Diyala government as a cross sectional study of 130 neonates with congenital anomalies from the period of 1st January to 31th December 2017. Patients were categorized according to Age of mother of neonate with congenital anomaly, address, residency, consanguinity between mother and father, mother`s history of Diabetes Mellitus, periconceptional folic acid use, and abortion, also the sex of neonate, gestational age, birth weight, blood group and the type of congenital anomaly. Results: Males were significantly affected (60%) with congenital anomalies than females (37.7%). The percentage of congenital anomalies was more (68.46%) among neonates from consanguineous marriage than neonates from nonconsanguineous marriage (31.54%). Baqubah city was recorded high percentage of anomalies(42.3%), followed by Al-khalis district (24.6%),and then Mukdadia district (15.5%). High percentage of anomalies was recorded among neonates with mothers who did not use folic acid during peri conceptional period (57.7%),and among multiparity (70.76%), premature neonates(57%), caesarean section(60%), low birth weight neonates(53.84%), neonates with blood group O (42.3%), mother`s age 20-35 years (61.54%), and rural residency(69.24%), nervous system anomalies were the most common anomalies(43%), followed by anomalies of circulatory system(21.7%), and then chromosomal abnormalities(7.6%). Conclusion:The most common type of congenital malformations in Diyala government were nervous system malformations. Congenital malformations in Diyala Province were more common in Baquba city and AL Khalis district. Males were significantly affected more than females. Congenital anomalies were significantly more in offspring of consanguineous marriage than of non-consanguineous one. Folic acid usage during peri conceptional period was very important to reduce the incidence of congenital anomalies especially neural tube defects.

Background: Obesity is an abnormal or increased fat accumulation in the body. Body mass index (BMI) defined as a person weight in kilograms divided by the square of his height in meters (kg/m 2 ). It is a very simple index that more commonly used to identify overweight and obesity in adults. For childhood, the amount of body fat differs from that an adult because it differs according to the age and to the sex, so the BMI age-and sex-specific percentiles are used. Obesity in children is a real health problem worldwide especially in developed countries, as well as, it increases in developing countries. Childhood obesity predispose to type 2 diabetics, hypertension, liver and renal disease, cardiovascular diseases and adult obesity. Objective: To detect the prevalence and possible risk factors for childhood obesity in primary schools in Baqubah city from age 6 to 12 years. Patients and Methods: The study was cross-sectional study conducted on a random sample of 6 primary schools from different localities in Baqubah city, followed by a systematic random sample of 308 children aged from 6 to12 years of both sexes. A questionnaire sent to the parents to get information on socio-demographic characteristics, dietary habits, physical activity, family history of obesity and parents education and job. Children's height (cm), weight (Kg), and BMI-for-age were measured. Child's weight status was categorized based on WHO 2007 Growth Reference. This study was included 308 child, the mean age was 9.32±1.9year, 51.9% of the children were males, and 49.1% were female the mean BMI was 18.36±4. Only 2.5% of the studied sample were underweight, while 73.4%, 14.3% and 9.4% were of normal, overweight or obese respectively. Results: About 48% of children in this study eat sweets, 48.5% do regular sports, 48.7% watch TV or mobile for more than 2 hours daily. It was found that 34.7% of children got positive family history of obesity, regarding educational level of parents 39% of mothers and 42.9% of fathers got primary level of education and 33.1% of mothers, 31.2% of fathers got higher than secondary level. Conclusion:The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 23.7% in primary schoolchildren in Baqubah city. The study supports the multi factorial etiology of obesity It showed that sedentary life style, positive family history and eating un healthy foods are risk factors.

Background: Breast cancer is the most commonly identified dangerous cancer in females. While breast cancer has been recorded to be a source of female mortality in many developing countries, studies have shown that bronchogenic carcinoma exceeds breast cancer as the most common reason of female mortality. Objective: This study aims at evaluating the role of (clinical examination, radiological finding and histopathological finding) in detection of breast cancer in Baquba Teaching Hospital. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited ambulatory patients at outpatient breast clinic unit in a Baquba Teaching Hospital from 1st of January to 31th of May 2019. Results: This study showed that while 39 (93%) of breast cancer patients had a positive finding on clinical examination, only 3 (7%) had a negative finding. On the other hand our data showed that 35 (83%) of breast cancer patients had positive radiological findings and only 7 (17 %) of breast cancer patients had negative radiological findings. 42 (100%) of breast cancer patients have shown positive histopathological findings. Conclusion:Triple assessment is a very useful diagnostic tool to evaluate patients with breast lumps and detect patients with breast cancer.