Many studies proved the genotoxic effect of cadmium (Cd) exposure and highlighted the importance of the cytogenetic studies as a sensitive and effective means for early detection of Cd-induced mutagenicity. The relationship between occupational exposure to Cd and increased risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer, has been explored in number of epidemiological studies. The aim of this study is to assess the role of chromosomal abnormalities and sister chromatid exchange as sensitive indicators for the genotoxicity of occupational exposure to Cd. Cytogenetic studies was done for 40 workers (27 smokers and 13 non-smokers) exposed to Cd dust and fumes with 40 control subjects (28 smokers and 12 non-smokers) not exposed to Cd before. Both exposed and control groups were similar in age and other sociodemographic factors. Clinical examination, laboratory investigation including urinary and blood Cd, cytogenic analysis for detection of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchange and environmental study of the work places were done. Statistical analysis of cytogenetic studies revealed the presence of significant elevation of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges of the exposed group. Urinary and blood Cd of the exposed group were significantly higher than that of the control group. These abnormalities were not significantly affected with age, duration of exposure, smoking habits, blood and urinary Cd. In conclusion, the study adds more proof that Cd exposure has a genotoxic effect and highlighted the importance of using cytogenetic studies as a sensitive and effective means for early detection of Cd-induced mutagenicity.