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Background: Patients with type II diabetes mellitus frequently have altered lipid profiles. Detection of serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein is associated with cardiovascular events in type II DM as the presence of subclinical inflammation. The study was undertaken to observe the fasting serum lipid profile level and its association with serum hs-CRP in type II DM. Materials and methods: A hospital-based observational study was carried out in the Outpatient Department of Endocrinology, Chittagong Medical College Hospital and Department of Biochemistry, Chittagong Medical College. By using non-probability consecutive sampling, a total of 176 participants were enrolled, with 126 type II DM and 50 in the control group. Plasma glucose and serum hs-CRP, fasting serum lipid profile was estimated. Results: The mean serum hs-CRP level in patients with type II DM (9.1 ± 0.36 mg/L) was significantly (p 0.0001) elevated as compared to control (4.3 ± 0.09 mg/L). The result showed an increase in serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum HDLC and serum LDL-C among the diabetic patients when compared with the healthy control group. Serum hs-CRP was significantly associated with serum TG and serum LDL-C in type II diabetics. Moreover, serum hs-CRP was found to have a significant positive correlation with serum LDL-C and serum TG. Only 77.78% of patients had increased LDL-C but altogether 85.71% of patients had increased serum hs-CRP levels. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study,increased serum hs-CRP was well associated and positively correlated with components of the fasting lipid profile, indicating early identification of cardiovascular risk among type II diabetics. Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.21 (2); July 2022; Page 35-39

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common, chronic, sleep-related breathing disorder characterized by repetitive episodes of partial and complete airway obstructions during sleep with repetitive apneas and hypopneas as a result. Common symptoms of OSA include snoring, nocturnal choking or gasping, excessive daytime sleepiness, nonrefreshing sleep, fatigue, nocturia, morning headache, and cognitive impairment. Snoring has the most sensitivity(82.6%) while nocturnal choking or gasping is the most specific (84%) Undiagnosed and untreated OSA attributed to hypertension (30%-70% of OSA patients), heart failure (140% rise in risk), CAD (30% rise in the risk of blockage), and stroke (60% rise in risk). Other long-term health consequences include diabetes, memory loss (including Alzheimer’s), depression, and other psychiatric conditions. Depending on the broad or stringent definition of OSA based on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), the prevalence of the condition in North America can range from 20-30% or 15% in males, and 10-15% or 5% in females. Asians and Indians have been found to have similar OSA severity, despite lower rates of obesity. However, research conducted among South Asians in the UK shows a higher prevalence of OSA than white Europeans. Limited research is done on OSA among South Asians in the US, particularly in the Bangladeshi community. The proportion of the population showing a high risk for the disease noticeably increases from 46 years onward. Male gender was found to be the major risk factor determining whether the subjects are at high, intermediate, or low risk. This conforms with other studies done previously. Although the study shows 30% of the population posing an increased risk for OSA, the outcome may be the same, lower, or higher after polysomnography. The author recommends a broader study with a follow-up of the intermediate and high-risk groups with an appropriate sleep study. Based on the preliminary findings, questions regarding OSA should be incorporated into routine health evaluations. Suspicion of OSA should trigger a comprehensive sleep evaluation. Steps should be taken to increase awareness at the community level to improve compliance with annual physicals and reduce risk behaviors.

Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy among young women. Insulin resistance is a key feature in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Obesity, which is frequently associated with PCOS women, seems to amplify the degree of insulin resistance. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship of insulin resistance with obesity in PCOS patients. Materials and methods: This was a hospital based cross-sectional study comprising fifty (50) diagnosed PCOS patients aged between 20 and 40 years. This study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Chittagong Medical College (CMC) and inpatients, outpatient Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Chittagong Medical College Hospital (CMCH). Samples were taken by non-probability purposive sampling. Results: The percentage of Insulin Resistance (IR) was 60% in this study. Mean age of PCOS patients was 30.6±0.65years. Obese PCOS patients with insulin resistance were 46% and overweight PCOS patients with IR were 48% in this study. There were also significant positive association of IR with increased BMI and waist hip ratio. Additionally 06% non-obese PCOS patients showed IR in this study cases. Conclusions: This study suggested that abdominal obesity was a good predictor of IR among PCOS patients. So, waist circumference or waist hip ratio may be used as a screening tool for IR risk assessment among PCOS patients as an inexpensive, noninvasive and easy-to-detect marker. Hence early diagnosis and proper preventive management of these patients will reduce the reproductive complications. IAHS Medical Journal Vol 4(2), December 2021; 3-7

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is the major event in type-ΙΙ diabetes mellitus followed by an increasing degree of β-cell dysfunction. Chronic inflammation is the driving force for IR and type-ΙΙ DM. The process of inflammation induces hepatic synthesis of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (an acute-phase protein) which plays a role in IR. The study was undertaken to find out the association of serum hs-CRP with insulin resistance in patients with type-ΙΙ diabetes mellitus. Methodology: A hospital-based observational study was carried out in the Outpatient Department of Endocrinology, Chittagong Medical College Hospital and Department of Biochemistry, Chittagong Medical College. A total of 126 patients with type-II diabetes mellitus aged 40-64 years were included by non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Serum hs-CRP, fasting serum insulin was estimated. IR was calculated by using the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance index (HOMA-IR). Results: The mean serum hs-CRP level was 9.1 ± 0.36 mg/L in patients with type-II DM. Serum hs-CRP was significantly associated with insulin resistance and positively correlated with HOMA-IR in type-II diabetics. Body mass index (BMI) as one of the key indicators of insulin resistance was also associated with serum hs-CRP in this study population. Additionally serum hs-CRP was correlated positively with BMI and fasting serum insulin in patients with type-II DM. Conclusion: The results of this study concluded that increased serum hs-CRP was well associated and positively correlated with insulin resistance and its parameters signifying a possible role of subclinical inflammation in IR among patients with type-II diabetes mellitus. EMCJ. January 2022; 7(1): 15-20