Extreme environmental conditions will consequently become a disturbance on all phases of plant growth. Malaysia is one of the developing countries that face challenges of extreme environmental conditions from climate change such as water availability and soil salinity. In response to global climate change, plants are trying to survive through several adaptation mechanisms. Clitoria ternatea or also known as Butterfly pea flower is a potential plant that can tolerate different environmental parameters. Besides, C. ternatea contains essential phytochemical compounds for pharmaceuticals, textile, medicinal and food industries. C. ternatea is originated from tropical Asia countries and it is widely available in the Asian region. Butterfly pea flower has attractive petal colours due to the presence of its bioactive compounds. C. ternatea is claimed as curing various ailments and has great antioxidant activity due to their bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, alkaloid, steroid, tannin, reducing sugars and flavonoid. Clitoria ternatea has been evaluated as a potential medicinal plant, such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and prevent from cardiovascular damage. Meanwhile, by varying different environmental parameters, the adaptations of phytochemical in C. ternatea is expressed variously. Hence, this paper reviews the physiological effect of growth conditions on Clitoria ternatea and its effect on the production of beneficial phytoconstituents.

Abstract. Many pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi contribute to the major human illness in which it can consequently lead to mortality. Normally, the infectious diseases such as chicken pox, malaria, and tuberculosis (TB) are the most common diseases occurring in today's world. Due to that, authorities and scientists have been trying to develop effective drugs to cure these infectious diseases. Many countries have been thrived to look for alternatives to plant sources as natural remedies. Moreover, the possibility of using natural plant extracts in the development of drugs has greater potential as it is considered safe for human after prolonged treatments. Malaysia possesses rich biodiversity in flora and fauna due to its tropical climate throughout the year and houses many medicinal plants. Clitoria ternatea is also known as butterfly pea flower in which is native to tropical Asian countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. C. ternatea possesses vibrant blue flowers and has antimicrobial properties that are beneficial to human health. All parts of C. ternatea have a potential of antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas hydrophila. Therefore, this paper will review C. ternatea as an antimicrobial agent against selected microorganisms using its leaf, flower, stem, and root.

Aims: Diabetic patients with foot ulcer showed 150-fold increased risk of amputation, which is primarily caused by microbial infection. Silver ions are commonly incorporated into wound dressing to enhance the antimicrobial property. However, concerns have been expressed about the development of bacterial resistance to heavy metals. In this study, we extracted the nano-cellulose from medical cotton and reinforced with gelatin to develop a film for wound dressing. Methodology and results: Garcinia mangostana L pericarp extract was incorporated into the nano-cellulose film as antimicrobial finishing. The efficacy of the developed nano-cellulose film was evaluated on diabetic wound microorganisms. We observed cellulose nano crystals with an average length of 133.71 nm under transmission electron microscope. The developed film showed gradual release of the extract over a period of 48 h and no burst effect was observed. The film exhibited significant inhibitory activity on three Gram positive bacteria, three Gram negative and all filamentous fungi tested. On Hohenstein challenge test, all test microorganisms showed significant growth reduction, with the treatment of the film. We also noticed that the antimicrobial activity of the film sustained even after 20 washes. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Our results indicate that the G. mangostana L pericarp extract loaded nano-cellulose films exhibited significant inhibitory activity on diabetic wound microorganisms. The developed film can be potentially used to prevent foot ulcer infection among diabetic patients.