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A simplified method of using four-hole probes to measure three-dimensional flow-fields is presented. This method is similar to an existing calibration and application procedure used for five-hole probes. The new method is demonstrated for two four-hole probes of different geometry. These four-hole probes and a five-hole probe are used to measure the turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate. The results from the three probes are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The major discrepancies occur near the surface of the flat plate and are attributed to wall vicinity and velocity gradient effects.

Seepage flow through alluvial channel bed can affect significantly the Manning's roughness coefficient, n. Both downward seepage (suction) and upward seepage (injection) through the alluvial channel bed can either increase or decrease Manning's n when compared to its no-seepage value. Such variations in Manning's n due to seepage are presented quantitatively so as to bring awareness among design engineers and researchers that seepage should be considered as a parameter while estimating the value of Manning's n even for a given size of bed material.

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