Aim: To assess the ferrous level in Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. Methodology: Eighty four neonates from tertiary care hospital had been included. Neonates were classified as hypoxic on the basis of Sarnat and Sarnat scoring. 34 healthy neonates served as control. Among 50 patients two groups were made each containing 25 neonates. Group 1 comprising of 25 neonates of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy of mild degree. Group 2 comprising of 25 neonates suffering from moderate to severe encephalopathy. Results: Serum ferrous was significantly elevated in neonates suffering from Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. Conclusion: The significant elevation of serum ferrous in hypoxic neonates reiterates the key role of serum ferrous in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Keywords: Ferrous, oxidative stress.

Objective: Probiotics were compared to Sitagliptin in this research in order to see whether they might lower blood glucose levels in diabetic rats more effectively. Study Design: Quasi experimental study Place and Duration: Fatima Jinnah Medical University Lahore. Jan, 2021 to June, 2021 Methods: There were 80 male rats were presented in this study. We used Streptozotocin to inflict diabetes in rats, and after one week, the results were validated by measuring Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) (>7 mmol/L was termed diabetic). Rats were divided in four groups. Group I had 20 diabetic control rats, group II had 20 rats and received probiotics (250 mg/Kg), group III received sitagliptin (10 mg/Kg) among 20 rats and group IV received combination of probiotics and sitagliptin. Blood glucose was measured at baseline and after 6-weeks. Results among all groups were compared. SPSS 24.0 was used to analyzed all data. Results: We observed that rats given probiotics in group-II saw a substantial drop in their fasting blood glucose levels, with an effectiveness that was on par with that of rats given sitagliptin in group-III (p 0.05). Sitagliptin and probiotics had a synergistic impact in group IV that was stronger (p<0.05) than either of their individual effects in groups II and III. Conclusion: We concluded that Sitagliptin plus Probiotics lowers diabetic rats' blood glucose more than individual medicines. Probiotics reduce fasting blood glucose in diabetic rats like Sitagliptin. Diabetes treatment can include probiotics. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Fasting blood glucose, Sitagliptin, Probiotics, Rats

Abstract Objective: The study objective was to identify the main foci of leprosy in Southern Punjab and identify the problems precipitating prevalence of disease. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study, which started from 2017 to 2012. A total number of sixty five cases (n=65) were detected during this study period. Snowball sampling technique was used. Every year contact survey was carried out for new case detection and compliance of medication. Family members of patients were examined for any anesthetic patch or nerve involved or any deformity. Grading of the deformity, if present, was also done according to WHO criteria. Data analysis was carried out by using SPSS 18.0 version. Chi square test was applied and P-value calculated. Snow ball sampling procedure was applied to study disease burden, a suitable method to cover less population, time and cost management of study. Results: In this study, the total number of new leprosy patients detected were sixty five; female patients (n=49) were 75.38% and male patients (n=16) were 24.62%. Prevalence of Pauci- bacillary disease was 50.77%. Maximum number of cases was reported from rural area of Southern Punjab. Main foci of disease were concentrated in tribal areas of Dera Ghazi Khan and RajanPur. Conclusion: Leprosy is still evidenced in tribal areas of Dera Ghazi Khan, and Rajan Pur. Keywords: Leprosy, Social Stigma, Tribal Areas. Continuous...

Background and Aim: Hormonal supplementation (Oestrogen and progesterone) significantly influence pain sensitivity in women. Neuropathic pain prevention and nociceptive actions are strongly affected by progesterone and oestrogen. The present study aimed to investigate the gonadal hormones on women's pain sensation. Materials and Method: this case-control study was conducted on 46 females (study group) on the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) and 46 healthy males (control group) at the Department of Physiology, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore from November 2020 to July 2021. As a stimulus source, a cold pressor test was used. The participant’s least dominant hands were placed in a water bath with a temperature between 0◦C and 2◦C and were instructed to notify when the pain was first sensation feel which represents the pain threshold of participants. Pain tolerance was referred to the duration from the initial threshold to a stage where pain severity increased beyond the participant’s coping with pain. A visual analog scale was set to measure the unpleasantness and pain intensity. SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. The Chi-square test was used, and p values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Pain tolerance and unpleasantness was not significantly differ in men and women taking combined oral contraceptive pill. However, women on combined oral contraceptive pill had significantly higher (p<0.001) pain tolerance on average scale. Average pain threshold had insignificant association with age. Comparing to naturally menstruating women the unpleasantness pain on average scale was less severe in women taking hormonal pills. The average pain intensity was considerably differ between women on COCP pills and normal women. Conclusion: Our study suggests that gonadal hormone levels changes had a lower effect on experimental pain and unpleasantness in women. COCP influence the average pain reported by participants. Upon comparing normal and women on COCP pills, a significant increase in pain tolerance was observed in females on pill therapy. Women utilizing hormonal contraceptives should be kept under supervision for unpleasant and severe pain. Keywords: Hormonal supplementation, Pain tolerance, Combined oral contraceptive pill