INTRODUCTION:Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. In Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries, several studies estimated the prevalence of DR ranging from 30 - 40%.AIM:To assess the DR knowledge and its association with diabetes control among Type 2 diabetic patients.METHODS:A cross-sectional study of patients with Type II diabetes (T2D) who had a routine visit to the endocrine clinic to assess the DR knowledge and its relation to the glycemic control. We used a questionnaire that was used in previously published studies, and the reliability was assessed using the alpha Cronbach coefficient. Patients who answered correctly > 60% were considered to have good knowledge about DR.RESULTS:Total of 253 patients participated, 43.4% has diabetes > 10 years and 30.7% have it for 5 - 10 years, 36.4% did college degree or higher, 40.8% considered having low income. 37.7% of participants were not screened for the DR in the past year. 28.4% of participants think that seeing optometrist is enough for DR diagnosis. Diabetics with good knowledge who have T2D > 10 years were 46.3% compared to 38.6% (p = 0.04). Diabetics with good knowledge have mean A1c of 8.55 vs. 8.59 (p = 0.32), mean BMI 30.4 vs. 30.2 (p = 0.46), mean diastolic pressure was 77.12% vs. 79.48% (p = 0.03).CONCLUSION:Almost two-thirds of screened T2D were considered to have good knowledge about DR. The good knowledge group tends to have a longer duration of T2D, more likely to have a college degree, and tend to have non -significantly better A1c control.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a growing health threat globally. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated that 387 million adults had diabetes in 2014, and this number is expected to continue to grow. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of T2DM over time has increased. Diabetes knowledge has been shown to improve self-management skills and glycemic control. The primary goal of this study was to assess diabetes knowledge and its impact on diabetes control and complications.

Background: Venipuncture is a common procedure in the emergency department, and in some patients the procedure may cause pain, anxiety, and fear. There are different studies in the literature looking for ways to reduce the pain, either pharmacologically or non-pharmacologically. Most of the studies were done in pediatrics but a few were in adult patients. We conducted this study to determine whether an ice pack application reduces venipuncture pain among emergency department adult patients compared to the conventional way. Methods: We conducted this randomized controlled clinical trial on adult patients in the Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from 1 March 2021 to 30 June 2021. Computer randomization was done to randomize subjects to either control or intervention. The 22-gauge needle catheter was inserted in the antecubital fossa in all participants. Results: We included 281 patients aged 18 to 60 years, who were randomized to the control or intervention group. There were 140 patients in the control group and 141 in the intervention group. The mean average pain score in the control group was 2.19 and 1.66 in the intervention group, with a statistically significant difference (p-value: 0.016). Conclusion: The ice pack application reduces venipuncture pain in adult emergency department patients and was associated with a better first attempt success rate.

The purpose of this report is to present a rare presentation of Meckel's diverticulum. A 25-year-old Saudi male was referred to our hospital with recurrent intestinal obstruction; computed tomography was done, which showed distended small bowel. Operative management was discussed with the patient and consent was taken for laparoscopy and laprotomy if indicted. Initially we started with laparoscopy but due to sever distention of bowls and adhesion, midline incision was done and multiple adhesions were released from ascending colon and distal small bowl until it was revealed that he had Meckel's diverticulum with severe adhesion around.

Introduction: Rhabdomyolysis is a muscle breakdown caused by a variety of factors. Based on a review of the literature, we are unaware of any case reports that discuss these complications of rhabdomyolysis with acalculous cholecystitis and ascites. Case Report: This patient is a 24-year-old man who had never had a chronic illness before. He was a nonsmoker and did not consume alcoholic beverages. He went to the emergency room (ER) because he was having upper abdominal pain and aches throughout his body. He was just started a rigorous physical activity-based training regimen. A total creatine kinase (CK) level more than 5 times higher than the upper normal value confirmed the diagnosis. For the upper abdominal pain, an ultrasound was performed. It reveals ascites and a thick-walled gallbladder. With a decrease in repeated total CK and clinical improvements, the patient was discharged home after aggressive hydration. The patient was asymptomatic at the follow-up appointment, and the ultrasound showed no ascites or gallbladder wall thickness. Conclusion: These are a rare complication of rhabdomyolysis. It implies that acalculous cholecystitis and ascites should be interpreted in light of the clinical scenario and presentation. The workup for ascites and acalculous differential diagnosis was uneventful. In a young patient with rhabdomyolysis, acalculous cholecystitis and ascites is an unusual occurrence.