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Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a growing health threat globally. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated that 387 million adults had diabetes in 2014, and this number is expected to continue to grow. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of T2DM over time has increased. Diabetes knowledge has been shown to improve self-management skills and glycemic control. The primary goal of this study was to assess diabetes knowledge and its impact on diabetes control and complications.

Chronic renal disease changes both quality and quantity of bone through multi-factorial influences on bone metabolism, leading to osteopenia, osteoporosis and increased risk of fracture. The objectives of our present cross-sectional study were to determine the mean bone mineral density (BMD) and frequency of occurrence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in Saudi patients on hemodialysis (HD) for longer than 1 year. Forty-two male and 78 female patients with age between 20 and 50 years were enrolled in this study. The BMD of the lumbar vertebral spine (LV) and the neck of femur (FN) were measured in all patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0 software and the level of significance was considered as P <0.05. The mean BMD in the LV (L2-L4) was 1.155 ± 0.026 g/cm 2 in male and 1.050 ± 0.025 g/cm 2 in female patients (P = 0.016). The mean BMD in the FN was 1.010 ± 0.023 g/cm 2 in male and 0.784 ± 0.020 g/cm 2 in female patients (P = 0.00). Based on the World Health Organization criteria, 73.8% of the male and 44.9% of the female patients in our study had normal BMD (P = 0.002); 16.7% male and 28.2% female patients had osteopenia (P = 0.14), while 9.5% male and 26.9% female patients had osteoporosis (P = 0.01). This study showed a marked decrease in mean BMD in the cortical bone (FN) compared with trabecular bone (LV) (P = 0.00) as well as in female patients on HD compared with male patients (P = 0.016 for LV and P = 0.00 for FN).

BACKGROUND:Pulmonary haemorrhage (PH) is a serious complication during Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).AIM:The aim was to present data on 12 patients of SLE with classic symptoms and signs of PH admitted throughout eleven years.METHODS:This retrospective study was carried out at King Abdul Aziz Specialist hospital in Taif-a tertiary care hospital in the western region of Saudi Arabia. The data was analysed from the case files of SLE patients who had episodes of PH throughout 11 years (January 2007 to December 2017).RESULTS:Twelve patients (10 females and 2 males) were found to have diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage during their SLE in the study period. Of 12 patients with confirmed pulmonary haemorrhage (hemoptysis, hypoxemia, new infiltrates on chest radiography, fall in haemoglobin and hemorrhagic returns of bronchoalveolar lavage with hemosiderin-laden macrophages) 4 patients had PH as the first presentation of SLE and 8 patients developed this complication during the disease. All patients presented with shortness of breath and hemoptysis. The most common extra-pulmonary involvement in the study cohort was renal (83%), which ranged from clinical nephritis, nephrotic syndrome to acute renal failure. All patients were managed in intensive care of the hospital, and of 12 patients, 9 (75%) required mechanical ventilation. All patients were uniformly treated with pulse Methylprednisolone; 9 received Cyclophosphamide, 6 received IVIG, and 4 received Plasmapheresis. Only 3 patients (25%) survived despite maximum possible support during their mean hospital stay of 18 ± 5 days.CONCLUSION:The requirement of mechanical ventilation and the association of renal and neuropsychiatric complications predicted mortality in patients with pulmonary haemorrhage.