Soil management systems cause many changes in the microenvironment that directly affect activity and diversity of microorganisms. In lowlands, there is a gap in relation to the adoption of no-tillage (zero-tillage) and the impact it has on soil under cultivation of irrigated rice. This study, an in-field experiment, evaluated the microbial enzymatic activity and diversity in an Entisol cultivated with rice under different managements for 22 years. The experiment started in the 1994/95 growing season, and the treatments were no-tillage, conventional, and pregerminated management systems. After 22 years, the data obtained on most of the evaluation dates indicated that no-tillage increased microbial biomass carbon (+45%), microbial biomass nitrogen (+54%), and basal respiration (+54%). No-tillage compared to management under soil tillage (pregerminated and conventional tillage) increased the activity of β-glucosidase (+43%), acid phosphatase (+68%), diacetate fluorescein (+34%), and urease (+96%).The enzyme activity was correlated with the soil organic carbon content and particulate fraction. Despite the relatively high enzyme activity with no-tillage, bacterial richness was maintained in this soil management system. The Proteobacteria phylum has a greater abundance in the NT (43.2%) in relation to the CT (32.3%). Bacteroidetes phylum has a lower abundance in the NT (10.0%) in relation to the CT (15.2%). The Verrucomicrobia phylum has a greater abundance in NT (8.9%) in relation to CT (4.9%). The results suggest that no-tillage is an important management tool in the recovery of irrigated rice areas whose soil has undergone microbiological degradation.
Resumo.A mosca-das-frutas sul-americana Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) é uma importante praga da fruticultura no Rio Grande do Sul. Assim como outras espécies tropicais, apresenta sucessão de hospedeiros nativos e exóticos, de acordo com a época de frutificação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar índices de infestação, intensidade de infestação da mosca-das-frutas e o parasitismo em diferentes fases de frutificação de quatro mirtáceas nativas. Os frutos coletados foram armazenados em condições ambientais até a emergência das moscas ou dos parasitoides. Foram avaliadas a infestação, a intensidade de infestação e o parasitismo entre as espécies frutíferas, entre frutos coletados na copa e no solo e entre os estágios de maturação dos frutos da copa. O maior índice de infestação de mosca-das-frutas ocorreu na goiaba (89,5%) e o menor na goiaba-serrana (67%). A maior intensidade de infestação por fruto foi registrada na goiaba (17,33) e a menor no araçá-vermelho (1,62), a maior média de pupários por grama de fruto foi obtida na goiaba-serrana (0,50) e a menor, na goiaba (0,22). A goiaba-serrana apresentou o maior índice de parasitismo (21,40%) e o araçá-amarelo, o menor (2,81%). Existe maior ocorrência da mosca nas goiabas e goiabas-serranas revelando maior atratividade da praga por estes hospedeiros. A goiaba-serrana demonstrou ser um repositório para espécies de parasitoides nativos. Palavras-chave: Acca sellowiana; Anastrepha fraterculus; Doryctobracon areolatus; Psidium cattleyanum; Psidium guajava. Variation on Infestation on Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Parasitism in Native Myrtaceae in Rio Grande do SulAbstract. The fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an important pest of fruit production in Rio Grande do Sul.A. fraterculus presents native and exotic hosts, according to fruiting time. The objective of this study was compare infestation rate, the intensity of infestation of fruit fly and parasitism in four native Myrtaceae. The fruits were stored under ambient conditions until flies or parasitoids emergence. These evaluation were made in fruits collected from the canopy and soil, and between stages of ripening of the canopy. The largest infestation rate of fruit fly occurred in guava (89.5%) and the lowest in feijoa (67%). The intensity of infestation per fruit was highest in guava (17.33) and lowest in red strawberry guava (1.62). The highest rate of puparia per gram of fruit was obtained in the feijoa (0.50) and the lowest in guava (0.22). The highest parasitism rate was in feijoa (21.40%) and the lowest in yellow strawberry guava (2.81%). A greater occurrence of this pest in guava and feijoa revealing highest attractiveness in these hosts. Feijoa is a repository for native parasitodes species.
A mosca-das-frutas sul-americana Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) é uma importante praga da fruticultura no Rio Grande do Sul. Assim como outras espécies tropicais, apresenta sucessão de hospedeiros nativos e exóticos, de acordo com a época de frutificação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar índices de infestação, intensidade de infestação da mosca-das-frutas e o parasitismo em diferentes fases de frutificação de quatro mirtáceas nativas. Os frutos coletados foram armazenados em condições ambientais até a emergência das moscas ou dos parasitoides. Foram avaliadas a infestação, a intensidade de infestação e o parasitismo entre as espécies frutíferas, entre frutos coletados na copa e no solo e entre os estágios de maturação dos frutos da copa. O maior índice de infestação de mosca-das-frutas ocorreu na goiaba (89,5%) e o menor na goiaba–serrana (67%). A maior intensidade de infestação por fruto foi registrada na goiaba (17,33) e a menor no araçá-vermelho (1,62), a maior média de pupários por grama de fruto foi obtida na goiaba-serrana (0,50) e a menor, na goiaba (0,22). A goiaba-serrana apresentou o maior índice de parasitismo (21,40%) e o araçá-amarelo, o menor (2,81%). Existe maior ocorrência da mosca nas goiabas e goiabas-serranas revelando maior atratividade da praga por estes hospedeiros. A goiaba–serrana demonstrou ser um repositório para espécies de parasitoides nativos. Variation on Infestation on Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Parasitism in Native Myrtaceae in Rio Grande do Sul Abstract. The fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an important pest of fruit production in Rio Grande do Sul. A. fraterculus presents native and exotic hosts, according to fruiting time. The objective of this study was compare infestation rate, the intensity of infestation of fruit fly and parasitism in four native Myrtaceae. The fruits were stored under ambient conditions until flies or parasitoids emergence. These evaluation were made in fruits collected from the canopy and soil, and between stages of ripening of the canopy. The largest infestation rate of fruit fly occurred in guava (89.5%) and the lowest in feijoa (67%). The intensity of infestation per fruit was highest in guava (17.33) and lowest in red strawberry guava (1.62). The highest rate of puparia per gram of fruit was obtained in the feijoa (0.50) and the lowest in guava (0.22). The highest parasitism rate was in feijoa (21.40%) and the lowest in yellow strawberry guava (2.81%). A greater occurrence of this pest in guava and feijoa revealing highest attractiveness in these hosts. Feijoa is a repository for native parasitodes species.
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