During the past two decades, the clinical use of biopharmaceutical products has markedly increased because of their obvious advantages over conventional small-molecule drug products. These advantages include better specificity, potency, targeting abilities, and reduced side effects. Despite the substantial clinical and commercial success, the macromolecular structure and intrinsic instability of biopharmaceuticals make their formulation and administration challenging and render parenteral delivery as the only viable option in most cases. The use of nanocarriers for efficient delivery of biopharmaceuticals is essential due to their practical benefits such as protecting from degradation in a hostile physiological environment, enhancing plasma half-life and retention time, facilitating absorption through the epithelium, providing site-specific delivery, and improving access to intracellular targets. In the current review, we highlight the clinical and commercial success of biopharmaceuticals and the overall applications and potential of nanocarriers in biopharmaceuticals delivery. Effective applications of nanocarriers for biopharmaceuticals delivery via invasive and noninvasive routes (oral, pulmonary, nasal, and skin) are presented here. The presented data undoubtedly demonstrate the great potential of combining nanocarriers with biopharmaceuticals to improve healthcare products in the future clinical landscape. In conclusion, nanocarriers are promising delivery tool for the hormones, cytokines, nucleic acids, vaccines, antibodies, enzymes, and gene- and cell-based therapeutics for the treatment of multiple pathological conditions.

The study investigates herding behavior in cryptocurrencies in different situations. This study employs daily returns of major cryptocurrencies listed in CCI30 index and sub-major cryptocurrencies and major stock returns listed in Dow-Jones Industrial Average Index, from 2015 to 2018. Quantile regression method is employed to test the herding effect in market asymmetries, inter-dependency and intra-dependency cases. Findings confirm the presence of herding in cryptocurrency in upper quantiles in bullish and high volatility periods because of overexcitement among investors, which lead to high volume trading. Major cryptocurrencies cause herding in sub-major cryptocurrencies, but it is a unidirectional relation. However, no intra-dependency effect among cryptocurrencies and equity market is observed. Results indicate that in the CKK model herding exists at upper quantile in market that may be due when the market is moving fast, continuously trading, and bullish trend are prevailing. Further analysis confirms this narrative as, at upper quantile, the beta of bullish regime is negative and significant, meaning the main source of market herding is a bullish trend in investment, which increases market turbulence and gives investors opportunity to herd. Also, we found that herding in cryptocurrencies exits in high volatility periods, but this herding mostly depends on market activity, not market movement.

The study investigates the role of commodity prices and tax purpose recognition on bitcoin prices. Since the introduction of bitcoin in 2008, emphasis has focused on economists, policy-makers and analysts drastically increasing bitcoin's accessibility and commodity values (Dumitrescu & Firică, 2014). This study employs GARCH and EGARCH from ARCH/GARCH family on daily nature data. We measure the volatile behavior of bitcoin by employing auto-regressive conditional heteroscedasticity model with the aim to explore the relationship between major commodities and bitcoin volatility. We focus on major commodities like gold, silver, platinum, and crude oil to be regressed with bitcoin. The daily prices of commodities were retrieved from www.investing.com and bitcoin prices from www.coindesk.com for the period from 29 April 2013 to 16 October 2018. Results confirmed the currency's long-term volatile behavior, which is due to its composition and market dynamics, whereas the existence of asymmetric information effect is not confirmed. Tax recognition by other countries may in future help in controlling the volatility as bitcoin is not a country-specific security. But, only silver impacts on volatility in comparison to oil prices and platinum, which is due to its similar features with gold. Eventually, bitcoin can be used for risk diversification and money making.

We aim to investigate the impact of corporate governance attributes on future stock price crash risk in stable and crisis periods. We used Dynamic Panel Generalized Method of Movements (DPGMM) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to generate the factors for the individual attribute to capture the accuracy of the results. Ownership concentration and board structure have a significant negative while audit quality has no association with the stock price crash risk. However, the financial crisis has a positive association with stock crash risk. Furthermore, the study provides a potential screening methodology for investors to mitigate future risk as to price crash risk for portfolios that cannot be dealt with diversification.

Background: Gutka chewing habit is found to be addictive and contains damaging and destructive effects on oral health. What factors lead to its usage, habit development and which sex is more predisposed to its effects is being evaluated in this study. Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the contributing factors and prevalence associated with gutka chewing habit in comparison to women and men and to determine the effect of this habit on the oral cavity. Materials and Methods: Participants were divided into four categories of age 6-12 in children, 14-25 years and 25-45 adults. Two groups of men and women were also made for comparison. This cross-sectional study was conducted with the help of using self-administered questionnaire during January 2016 to March 2016. Where the questionnaire was comprised multiple questions through which socioeconomic condition and professional and mental stability, such as psychological stress was assessed. Results: Overall prevalence of tobacco chewing was males 67% and females 32% among the youth with and Urdu-speaking group was mostly involved as compare to other ethnic groups. Gutka was being used most frequently 3-5 times per day by males and females. Reasons revealed from our study for chewing were most commonly influence of friends, for fun and depression. And changes in oral cavity were also observed in the form of development of stains, caries, plaque, and calculus. Conclusion: According to the study age, socioeconomic condition, occupation, psychological stress, friends, and family influence were the contributing factors associated with gutka chewing habit. Moreover, habitual chewing affects the oral health by introducing caries, calculus, and stains. Clinical Significance: Strengths and limitations depend on the cooperation level of the participants. The study has concluded that many contributing factors such as age, socioeconomic status, profession, and psychological stress play an important role in this habit in both women and men.