Indonesia’s 2014 health reforms advocated for universal health coverage for all Indonesians. The reforms made provision for integrated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) programmes, with testing available at community health centres and hospitals for pregnant women and women of childbearing age. The question remains, though, as to whether testing has been effective. This article focuses on barriers women face accessing HIV testing and presents findings from the experiences of 18 HIV-positive women. To triangulate findings, interviews were conducted with 26 health workers, 9 non-governmental organisation workers and 12 HIV stakeholders. The article examines barriers to pregnant women’s access to HIV tests, showing that barriers relate to women not having reproductive health rights. It highlights reproductive rights noted in the Respectful Maternity Care Charter, and violations to them relevant to HIV testing in pregnancy. Five reported rights violations include: women being unable to access information; being unable to make informed decisions; having no right to confidentiality and privacy; experiencing ongoing discrimination; and having no right to timely HIV testing. The failure of Indonesia to protect these rights contributes to women being denied HIV testing. Findings show the need for increased HIV testing services for pregnant women and assert that health personnel and programme policy-makers need to be held accountable for the protection and fulfilment of women’s rights in respect of HIV testing. The findings show that policy makers must make changes to ensure health services improve, health professionals must be better trained, and women’s socio-cultural and political contexts must be considered.

This study aims to provide detailed information on the role of the following social determinants (i.e. education, occupation, place of residence, marital and economic status) in the acquisition of HIV knowledge among women of childbearing age (15-49 years old). The study uses secondary data from the 2012 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). The IDHS used a quantitative analytical approach with a cross-sectional study design and multi-stage stratified sampling. The sample included 1,335 women aged 15 to 49 years old living in South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Descriptive analysis, ANOVA, and t-test and multiple logistic regressions were performed in this study. The results show one out of two women have little HIV knowledge. The more highly educated women were positively associated with a greater degree of knowledge related to comprehensive knowledge related to HIV (AOR: 3.7, 2.2-6.2, p.<0.05), HIV prevention (AOR:16.6, 1.8-153.9, p <0.05), transmission from mother to child (AOR:11.1, 3.3-36.9, p <0.05), HIV misconceptions (AOR:5.1, 1.1-23.1, p <0.05) and HIV services (AOR:5.7, 2.8-11.4, p < 0.05). In addition, the women lived in urban areas had more knowledge related to HIV prevention and transmission (AOR: 3.36, 1.8-6.2, p <0.05), and knowledge about mother-to-child of HIV transmission (AOR: 3.2, 1.8-5.5, p <0.05) compared to those who lived in rural areas. To conclude, education level was found to be the dominant factor associated with knowledge of HIV across all categories of knowledge after controlling by other determinants, age, marital status, working status and residence. HIV awareness and comprehensive HIV information among women who are considered to be in a low-risk group for HIV infection should be integrated with formal education as well as in maternal health services, particularly in rural areas.

In 2014, Indonesia reinvigorated its commitment to the provision of a universal health care system by introducing the National Health Insurance Program ( Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional , JKN), with the aim of increasing access to health care for all sectors of society. A key question that emerges in the current climate is: how can Indonesia ensure people can access HIV health care? This question is critically important given Indonesia is on the verge of passing a law criminalising all sex outside of marriage. If passed, anyone presenting with HIV will be suspected ipso facto of involvement in criminal activity (e.g. them or their partner having sex outside of marriage and/or using intravenous drugs). In this environment, preventing transmission of HIV from mother to child becomes more difficult. In exploring these issues, we argue that, in a time of populist morality, Indonesia must give significant attention to how universal health coverage can prevent HIV transmission, particularly from mother to child. We offer three key strategies for Indonesia to implement in this regard: removing health care provision from a moral framework; de-idealising the category of woman; and repositioning shame and stigma around HIV.

Praktikum yang dilakukan sejauh ini memang sudah memiliki keterampilan proses sains untuk dinilai. Namun, penilaian yang dilakukan belum maksimal. Mahasiswa masih sangat bergantung pada koordinator praktikum, sehingga keterampilan proses sains yang dimiliki mahasiswa tidak berkembang. Pada hakikatnya keterampilan proses sains tersebut dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada korelasi antara keterampilan proses sains dengan hasil belajar mahasiswa pada praktikum sifat koligatif larutan. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kampus IKIP Mataram. Subjek pada penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa semester genap program studi pendidikan kimia, matematika dan biologi yang berjumlah 138 orang yang memprogramkan mata kuliah kimia dasar II Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014. . Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah lembar observasi keterampilan proses sains dan Lembar soal tes hasil belajar. Teknik analisa data untuk menghitung koefisen korelasi keterampilan proses sains dengan hasil belajar digunakan  rumus pearson korelasi product moment. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa keterampilan proses sains mahasiswa dalam praktikum sifat koligatif larutan memiliki korelasi positif dengan hasil belajar. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh r sebesar 0,2897 menurut korelasi pearson product moment dan r 0,1676 dengan taraf signifikan 5%.

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