ABSTRACT Covid-19 pandemic brings multi-sectoral impact which encourages economic weakening and carries political instability. In this case, developing countries are affected massively by the pandemic. Vulnerable economic stability and unsteady government management encourage the state to experience inability to adapt to the restriction imposed during pandemic. Some developing countries that are not depended on tourism as their economic spine, still have chance to recover through other sector than tourism. However, the phenomena during pandemic appear to be such a condition where developing countries, which are ‘tourism-dependent’, experience terrific economic contraction. Especially, the archipelagic state that rely on natural tourism as the main attraction. The archipelagic states that rely on tourism and experience economic contraction along with political instability are Maldives and Bahamas Islands. Keywords: Covid-19 pandemic; Maldives; Bahamas Islands; archipelagic state. ABSTRAK Pandemi Covid-19 memberikan dampak multi-sektoral yang mendorong melemahnya ekonomi hingga mengganggu stabilitas politik negara. Dalam hal ini, negara-negara berkembang merupakan objek yang terdampak pandemi cukup masif. Stabilitas ekonomi yang rentan dan manajemen pemerintahan yang goyah mendorong negara kesulitan beradaptasi dengan pembatasan yang diberlakukan selama pandemi. Beberapa negara berkembang yang tidak menggantungkan perekonomiannya pada pariwisata masih dapat memulihkan perekonomiannya dengan mengembangkan sektor lainnya sebagai penopang. Akan tetapi, melihat fenomena yang muncul di masa pandemi, maka dapat dilihat negara-negara berkembang yang bergantung pada sektor pariwisata mengalami kontraksi ekonomi yang cukup hebat. Terutama negara-negara kepulauan yang mengandalkan wisata alam sebagai destinasi andalannya. Negara-negara kepulauan yang bergantung pada pariwisata dan mengalami kontraksi ekonomi dan instabilitas politik antara lain yaitu Maladewa dan Kepulauan Bahama. Keywords: pandemi Covid-19; Maladewa; Kepulauan Bahama; negara kepulauan.

In the 13th years of prophecy, Prophet Muhammad PBUH along with 75 followers of him went to Yastrib, later turned to Medina City. The people of Yastrib who yearned for wise leader than asked Prophet Muhammad SAW to became their leader. Later, Prophet Muhammad PBUH established The Medina Charter which became the legal foundation for the governance in Yastrib. The Medina Charter confirmed the principles of the community such as tolerance, brotherhood, amr ma’ruf nahi munkar, equality, discussion, justice and balance. These principles became basic foundation in term of government and social affairs. This concept of civil society which built by Prophet Muhammad PBUH was relevant to the Indonesian society of which plural and grounded by kinship and mutual cooperation. The concept of civil society could make harmonious society in Indonesia and eliminated various irregularities and chaos within the governance or society. This could be done by SWOT analysis through minimalized the weaknesses and threats along with maximalized strengths and opportunities within Indonesian society.

This paper aims to show human rights violations that occurred in the Kashmir border area. Kashmir is a disputed area in South Asia between India and Pakistan. The dispute occurred due to complex historical factors that led to conflict between the Indian government and the Kashmiri Muslim community. For Kashmiri Muslims, the Kashmir region is not only a place of origin but also representing social structure and identity. The escalation of the conflict also triggering persecution toward Kashmiri Muslims led to protests in various forms. Protests and demonstrations were also carried out because of the many human rights violations committed by the Indian government against the Kashmiri Muslim community. Human rights violations also continue to occur to the Kashmiri community who protest. This paper uses one theory and one concept, the conflict theory by Karl Marx to explain the conflicts that occurred and the concept of Human Rights to analyze the various human rights violations that occurred. The results of this study indicate that the Kashmiri Muslim community has experienced various human rights violations committed by the Indian authorities. Keywords: Conflict, Human Rights Violation, India, Kashmir, Pakistan