This paper describes the effects of the fungicides Benlate, Aliette and Ridomil on plant growth and on mycorrhizal development in onion plants. An attempt was made to distinguish effects on plants from those on the fungus by making comparisons between mycorrhizal plants in the absence of added phosphorus and non-mycorrhizal equivalent size plants. Vital staining techniques were used to analyse the effects of the fungicides on the living fungus hoth within the root and in the soil.Benlate had no effect on slioot dry weight or root length of onion plants wliereas a reduction in plant growth was observed following the application of Aliettc or Ridomil, in comparison to control plants. Benlate had negative effects on the numbers of living internal hyphae, arbuscules, fungal-plant interface and living external hyphae in the soil.Aliette had no effect on the number of li\ ing intercellular hyphae and arbuscules. Howe\ er, it markedly reduced the root length and the length of infected root per plant. These combined effects led to a reducti(Mi in the area of the interface between fungus and plant. The length of external hyphae per gram of soil was reduced following the application of Aliette, though not as severely as with Benlate.Ridomil had more complex effects on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis; treated plants showed a reduction in plant growth and also a reduction in all fungal parameters, namely the number of living intercellular hyphae, arbuscules and fungal-plant interface, the length of infected root and the development of external hyphae in the soil.

Indonesia has been known as a country with high medicinal plant diversity. One of the most common medicinal plant from Indonesia is red ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Nevertheless, limited studies of endophytic fungi associated with these medicinal plants are hitherto available. The objectives of this research were to study the diversity of endophytic fungi on red ginger and to analyze their potential as a source of antifungal agent. All parts of plant organs such as leaf, rhizome, root, and stem were subjected for isolation. Fungal identification was carried out by using a combination of morphological characteristic and molecular analysis of DNA sequence generated from ITS rDNA region. Thirty endophytic fungi were successfully isolated from leaf, rhizome, root, and stem of red ginger plant. Antagonistic activity was tested against Fusarium oxysporum, a pathogenic fungus on plants, using an antagonistic assay. Based on this approach, the fungi were assigned as Acremonium macroclavatum, Beltraniella sp., Cochliobolus geniculatus and its anamorphic stage Curvularia affinis, Fusarium solani, Glomerella cingulata and its anamorphic stage Colletotrichum gloeosporoides, Lecanicillium kalimantanense, Myrothecium verrucaria, Neonectria punicea, Periconia macrospinosa, Rhizopycnis vagum, and Talaromyces assiutensis. R. vagum was found specifically on root whereas C. affinis, L. kalimantanense, and M. verrucaria were found on stem of red ginger plant. A. macroclavatum was found specifically in red ginger plant's organ which located under the ground, whereas C. affinis was found from shoot or organ which located above the ground. The antagonistic activity of isolated endophytic fungi against F. oxysporum varied with the inhibition value range from 1.4 to 68.8%. C. affinis (JMbt7), F. solani (JMd14), and G. cingulata (JMr2) had significantly high antagonistic activity with the value above 65%; and R. vagum (JMa4) and C. geniculatus (JMbt9) had significantly low antagonistic activity with the range value 0-10%.

Lecanicillium and Verticillium species from Indonesia and Japan including three new species saksenae) are proposed from the fungi isolated from epiphytic and subterranean arthropods collected in East Kalimantan.Abstract Forty-six Lecanicillium strains and one Verticillium strain were isolated from subterranean and epiphytic arthropods, soil, and other sources collected in Indonesia and Japan. These strains were identifi ed as nine Lecanicillium and one Verticillium species including six undescribed species based on light microscopy and the sequences of the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions including 5.8S ribosomal DNA. Four of the ten species (L. araneicola, L. kalimantanense, Lecanicillium sp. 4, and V. indonesiacum) were recovered from Indonesia, fi ve of the ten (L. attenuatum, L. fusisporum, L. psalliotae, Lecanicillium sp. 1, and Lecanicillium sp. 3) were from Japan, and L. saksenae was from both countries. In this article, new species (L. araneicola, L. kalimantanense, and V. indonesiacum) and a new combination (L.

SUMMARYTwo experiments were conducted under controlled environmenta] conditions to determine the effects of the three fungicides, Benlate'^, Aiiette" and Ridomil", on efficiency of P uptake from the soiJ and transfer across the living plant-fungal interface of onion plants iAllium lepa L.) associated with Glomus sp. "City Beach' (WUM 16). P applied to the soil did not apparently increase the rate of transfer (flux) of P to the plant via the futigal partner of the mycorrhiza.Benlate reduced P inflow and transfer across the interface in one of the experiments. The rate of P uptake per m living external hyphae was not affected but, as de\elopment of li\'ing external hyphae in the soil was reduced. the contribution of the fungus to P uptake was small. Aliette reduced growth of both sboots and roots, but apparently increased the accumulation of P in the tissues compared with controls. Ridomil reduced P inflow per m of root and P uptake per m living external hyphae, but had no effect on the rate of P transfer across the interface. This led to a reduction in the overall contribution of the fungus to P nutrition.