Background: We explored the outcome of convalescent plasma (CP) treatment in patients with moderate and severe coronavirus disease 2019 and investigated variables for the design of further trials in Indonesia. Methods: Hospitalised patients with moderate (n = 5) and severe (n = 5) COVID-19 were recruited and transfused with CP from donors who recovered from mild (n = 5), moderate (n = 5), or severe (n = 1) COVID-19. Neutralising antibodies (NAbs) to the virus were measured at the end of the study using a surrogate virus neutralisation test as an alternative to the plaque reduction assay. Clinical improvement was assessed based on the modified World Health Organization Research and Development Blueprint six-point scale, Brixia Chest-X-Ray scoring, and laboratory parameters. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04407208). Findings: CP transfusion in three doses of 3 mL/kg of recipient body weight at 2-day intervals was well tolerated. Good clinical improvement was achieved in all patients with moderate disease and in two patients with severe disease. Most patients at baseline had detectable NAbs with median inhibition rates comparable to those of the donors (90¢91% vs. 86¢31%; p = 0¢379). This could be due to the unavailability of pre-donation NAb testing and postponed CP administration that required communal consent. Interpretation: This study highlights the safety of CP therapy. Although improvements were observed, we could not conclude that the outcomes were solely due to CP treatment. Further randomised controlled trials that cover different disease stages with pre-donation NAb measurements using locally applicable strategies are warranted.

Legal protection is a right for every citizen and besides that legal protection is an obligation for the state, therefore the state is obliged to provide legal protection to its citizens. The focus of this research is legal protection for doctors and health workers as the frontline in handling the Covid-19 pandemic for humanity in Indonesia. This study used a normative legal approach and an empirical legal approach. Data analysis used descriptivequalitative data analysis, namely presenting data and information which were then analyzed qualitatively. There are various legal rules that are technical in nature for doctors and health workers in carrying out their profession during the Covid 19 pandemic, such as a guidebook for handling Covid 19, however they are not optimal, because the Covid 19 pandemic is a new disease, there are no evidence-based management guidelines. in addition to the virus is also fast mutating and contagious. Thus, legal protection for doctors and health workers in carrying out their professions while dealing with the pandemic has not been maximized, especially in handling the Covid 19 pandemic for which there are no standard guidelines for handling it.

This paper discusses legal guarantees related to patients' rights using the Health Social Security Administering Bodies (BPJS) cards. By using normative juridical research methods and data analysis derived from existing literature and regulations, it is found that the Government has guaranteed and established regulations that provide guarantees and protection to patients using Social Health Security Administrators (BPJS). It is necessary to do socialization and education both to the hospital and patients so that the rules that have been set are appropriately implemented.