Citicoline, presumed to be involved in the dopaminergic pathway, might play a role as a candidate agent in controlling myopia. However, its study with respect to myopia is limited. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the effect of citicoline on the expression of MMP-2, TGF-β1, and Ki-67, and on the thickness of scleral tissue of a rat myopia model. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the expression of MMP-2, TGF-β1, and Ki-67 as the markers for fibroblast proliferation. Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to evaluate scleral thickness. An electronic digital caliper was used to evaluate the axial length. The treatment group administered with 200 mg/kg BW/day had the lowest mean MMP-2 expression, axial elongation, and fibroblast proliferation, but it had the highest mean scleral thickness. The treatment group administered with 300 mg/kg BW/day had the highest mean TGF-β1 expression. Citicoline is able to decrease MMP-2 expression and fibroblast proliferation and increase TGF-β1 expression and scleral tissue thickness significantly in the scleral tissue of rat models for myopia.

AIM: This study aims to investigate the concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), calcium (Ca2+), and the expression phosphorylated myosin light chain (MLC) in Rattus norvegicus scleral fibroblast cells. METHODOLOGY: This study utilized an in vitro experimental study by applying Rattus norvegicus scleral fibroblast cell culture. The cultured cells were divided into control and lens-induced myopia (LIM) groups. The control and LIM culture groups were each divided into five groups, namely, negative control, 0.1 μM acetylcholine, 0.1 μM himbacine, 0.1 μM methoctramine, and 0.1 μM 4-DAMP group. The cAMP, IP3, and Ca2+ concentration were analyzed in the 0th, 5th, 10th, 20th, and 30th. The phosphorylated MLC expression was analyzed using confocal microscope. RESULTS: In the LIM group, the highest cAMP concentration is visible at the 10th min on the himbacine group (0.304 ± 0; p = 0.043) and on the 4-DAMP group (0.346 ± 0; p = 0.043). The highest IP3 concentration is found on the LIM group at the 20th min in comparison to the control group (2503.6 ± 11 vs. 2039.2 ± 2.1; p = 0.046). The highest Ca2+ concentration belongs to the 4-DAMP treatment group from the 5th to the 30th min. The highest average phosphorylated MLC expression value in the LIM group is shown by the 0.1μM 4-DAMP treatment (184.2 ± 37.9c au). CONCLUSION: The regulation of cAMP, IP3, Ca2+, and phosphorylated MLC on the M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor of the scleral fibroblast cells of myopia animal models differs from normal animal models which may be due to interactions of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor as compensation reaction or crosstalk on myopia induction.

Purpose: To report refractive management of bilateral lens subluxation case in Marfan Syndrome patient. Methods: Diagnosis based on a history‐taking, a physical examination, and an ancillary test. The refractive state of the patient was examined by an autorefractometer, streak retinoscopy and best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), before and after cycloplegic on each eye. Results: A 7‐years‐old girl diagnosed with Marfan Syndrome by the Department of Paediatric Cardiology complained for blurred vision in both eyes. Initial visual acuity of the patient was 0.027 in her right and left eyes. Anterior segment examination showed phacodenesis in both eyes. After cycloplegic refraction with enlarging pupil diameter and performed streak retinoscopy, BCVA in the right eye was 0.040 with a refractive correction of −22.00 diopters (D) and left eye was 0.021 with −20.00 D. After several follow ups, the refractive state remains highly fluctuates due to severe lens subluxation degree, which is seen through a half pupillary area. Consequently, operative approach using intracapsular lens extraction technique is considered. A month after the surgery, the distance visual acuity in right eye was 0.125 and 0.080 in left eye. With a refractive correction of +5.50 D, visual acuity became 0.500, while for the left eye became 0.125 with +5.00 D. Whereas, binocular distance visual acuity with refractive correction became 0.400. Therefore, spectacle was prescribed to achieve optimal visual acuity. Conclusions: The refractive management steps in lens subluxation associated with Marfan Syndrome case is very challenging depends on patient's condition. The intracapsular lens extraction procedure prior to spectacle prescription should be considered as a management of severe lens subluxation in patient with Marfan syndrome, in order to achieve BCVA.

Hypertension effects to activation of ET-1 signaling pathway significantly in CRA, elevation of IOP, and RGC apoptosis. The highest value was achieved at 2wk, which is the development phase of hypertension.

Results : Each dose of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) extract administration significantly decreased the VEGF expression ( p = 0,00 ). Differences of VEGF expression based on administration time were not significant (p=0,033). Interaction between time of administration and dose of administration had influenced the VEGF expression (R Square (r 2 ) =24,7 %). The Linear regression between VEGF expression and dose resulted in estimated effective dose (ED) with Y = 16.486- X( Y = V E G F e x p r e s s i o n , X = d o s e o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ) . Considering VEGF expression in normal cornea