BACKGROUND: The development of an oral typhoid fever vaccine need more effective and having high-efficacy in preventing typhoid fever. The use of liposomes as a vaccine vehicle can be formulated to target a specific location or trigger the release of antigens on its target. β-Glucan derived from Candida albicans cell wall as immunoadjuvant can strengthen the immune response and increases the protection against Salmonella Typhi bacterial invasion. AIM: This study aimed to determine the immune response in typhoid fever mice by administering a combination of AdhO36 S. Typhi liposome vaccine with β-Glucan and determine the protectivity to inhibit bacterial colonization in typhoid fever. METHODS: Mice were divided into five groups include negative and positive control also treatment group. IL-12 was evaluated after 4-h immunization while the other (was IL-12, IL-10, Th1 (IL-2), Th2 (IL-4), and the protective test against bacterial invasion) evaluated after 96-h. RESULTS: IL-12 level in the combination of β-Glucan and AdhO36 groups showed significantly lower than infected groups (p = 0.034), whereas IL-10 level significantly increase (p = 0.0009). The percentage of Th-1 (IL-2) cells significantly lower than infected groups (p = 0.000), this also happened on the percentage of Th-2 (IL-4) cells that significantly lower than infected groups (p = 0.018). The protective test toward bacterial invasion showed no bacterial colonization in all tissues intestine, liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node. CONCLUSION: The administration of a combination of liposome containing β-Glucan from C. albicans and AdhO36 S. Typhi has a potential effect on cellular and humoral immune response.

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The purpose of this research was to study the effect of green tea polyphenol to TNF-á production on human trophoblast cell culture exposed by 33 mM glucose. Trophoblast culture isolated from human fetal placental tissue by sectio caessaria. Monolayer trophoblast cells that had been incubated for 3 days at 5% CO2; 37°C were divided into 2 groups: (1) normal glucose (5 mM) and (2) glucose 33 mM exposure, both divided into 2 sub groups: (a) without green tea polyphenol treatment, and (b) green tea polyphenol treatment 0,1; 0,2; and 0;4 mg/ml. Cells incubated for 3 days at 5% CO2; 37°C then analyzed cytotrophoblast cells characteristic. TNF-á level was measured by ELISA and analyzed with oneway ANOVA. Immunocytochemistry showed the number of cells that expressed TNF-á then analyzed descriptively. The results of this study showed that TNF-á level at 0,1; 0,2; and 0,4 mg/ml polyphenol were 2804,333 ñg/mL; 2513,222 ñg/ml; and 2739,889 ñg/ml respectively compared with 2739,889 ñg/mL normal glucose without polyphenol, and 2721,000 ñg/mL; 2612,111 ñg/mL; and 2566,555 ñg/mL compared with 2621,000 ñg/mL glucose 33 mM exposure without polyphenol. Number of cells that expressed TNF-á with 0,1; 0,2; and 0,4 mg/ml polyphenol treatment were 0%; 2%; and 5,5% compared with 0% normal glucose without polyphenol, and 82%; 0%; and 0% compared with 3% glucose 33 mM exposure without polyphenol. Green tea polyphenol exposure for 3 days at 0,1; 0,2; and 0,4 mg/ml didn’t significantly affect the decreasing of TNF-á production. Keywords: GDM, green tea, polyphenol, TNF-á, trophoblast

Rhodamin B is a food coloring that is still widely used and has an impact on reproductive hormone balance disorders that can affect the estrous cycle in mice. This study goal is to know the effect of vitamin C, vitamin E, and combination of both vitamin to estrous cycle rats given rhodamin B. Twenty five female rats divided into five random groups, negative control group (without treatment); positif control group given rhodamin B; rhodamin B group and vitamin C (600mg/kgBW); rhodamin B group and vitamin E (40 IU/kgBW), rhodamin B group which given both vitamin. Rhodamin B was given orally. Estrous cycle were observed from characteristic of every phase on estrous cycle. The result of this study was analysed used one way anova. Vitamin C and combination of both vitamin can shorter the estrous cycle (P<0,05), but vitamin E can't shorter the estrous cycle (P>0,05). ABSTRAKRhodamin B adalah pewarna makanan yang masih banyak digunakan dan memiliki dampak terhadap gangguan keseimbangan hormon reproduksi yang dapat mempengaruhi lama siklus estrus pada tikus. Penelitian dilakukan untuk membuktikan pengaruh vitamin C, vitamin E, maupun kombinasi keduanya terhadap lama siklus estrus tikus (Rattus norvegicus) yang telah diberi rhodamin B. Dua puluh lima tikus betina dewasa dikelompokkan kedalam lima kelompok acak, Kelompok negative (tanpa perlakuan); Kelompok positif (diberi Rhodamin B 90 mg/kgBB/hari), kelompok rhodamin B yang diberi vitamin C (600 mg/kgBB/hari), kelompok rhodamin B yang diberi vitamin E (40 IU/kgBB/hari), kelompok rhodamin B yang diberi vitamin E dan vitamin C. Fase dalam siklus estrus diamati dengan mengamati ciri-ciri vaginal swab. Analisis data menggunakan ANOVA. Hasil dalam penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa vitamin C serta kombinasi kedua vitamin dapat memperlambat panjang siklus

Cadmium is a heavy metal that could be found in daily life. This metal has a toxicity, could contaminate the environment, and affect human health. The main aim of this research was to find the effect of low concentration Cadmium exposure in acute time toward HUVECs cell morphology and viability.In a True experimental research with in vitro model using HUVECs cell, HUVECs cell was divided into four groups. One control group (without CdCl2 induction) and three treatment groups with CdCl2 induction with various concentrations, 0,153 µg/L, 1,53 µg/L and 15,3 µg/L. The trial was repeated five times for each group. Cell morphology was observed with an inverted microscope. Cell viability was examined by MTT assay. Data were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis statistical test and continue with the Man Whitney test. Correlation test was using Spearman.Morphology of treatment group HUVECs cell induced by CdCl2 concentration 15,3 µg/L looked significantly different compared with control group (p<0.05). Cell viability on group HUVECs induced by CdCl2 15,3 µg/L significantly different compared with the control group. The correlation test resulted R= -0,665 with probability 0.001 which means the higher concentration of CdCl2 the lower the viability of cells. Cadmium in low concentration induces cell morphology change and reduce cell viability. Keywords: HUVEC, cadmium, cell morphology, cell viability.