Umbilical endometriosis is a very rare condition, and as far as we are aware, there have been no reported cases of its malignant transformation. Here, we report a case of clear cell adenocarcinoma arising from umbilical endometriosis in a 60-year-old woman who underwent hysterectomy for a uterine myoma at the age of 38, and who denied cyclic bleeding at the site of an umbilical cutaneous nodule correlating with menses until the age of 48. An umbilical tumor (3 cm diameter) was identified by magnetic resonance imaging and an abnormal accumulation was found only at the umbilical lesion by positron emission tomography examination. We observed endometriosis adjacent to the clear cell adenocarcinoma and transformation to carcinoma from endometriosis at the umbilical lesion histopathologically. Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the umbilicus was thought to have arisen from endometriosis; it expressed HER-2 protein and showed strong mesothelial characteristics immunohistochemically.

Neonicotinoids are potent agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that exert insecticidal effects by causing abnormal excitation of the nervous system. Neonicotinoids and their metabolites effect in mammals, including humans, have become a concern. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of chronic exposure of two neonicotinoids, acetamiprid (ACE) and clothianidin (CTD), on Caenorhabditis elegans. We used 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µM solutions of nicotine, ACE, and CTD dissolved in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Bioassays and motility tests, which are neurotoxicity assessments, were performed on the L1-L2 larvae of wild-type C. elegans. To evaluate the effect of exposure over multiple generations and the correlation between concentrations and generations, the same study was conducted on the second and third generations of the exposed group. The bioassay results showed concentrationdependent adverse effects: body length, maturity rate, and lifetime number of pups decreased for both ACE and CTD for the first generation. In a multi-generation study, the effect intensified with the progression of generations, and the toxicity of both ACE and CTD was cumulative. This effect was more pronounced in breeding studies. The motility test results showed concentration-dependent adverse effects, such as a decrease in the number of behaviors for both ACE and CTD in both tests for the first generation. In a multi-generation study, the effect intensified with the progression of generations, and this effect was more pronounced with ACE exposure. Thus, the chronic exposure to ACE and CTD may cause cross-generational adverse effects, especially on C. elegans reproduction and motion.