Investigated predictors of intergroup aggression and its relations to in-group bias. In a questionnaire, 156 Israeli adults reported perceptions of their own religious group and of the ultraorthodox Jewish out-group and expressed aggression toward the ultraorthodox (opposing institutions that serve their needs, supporting acts harmful to them, and opposing interaction with them). Respondents showed in-group favoritism in trait evaluations, but this bias was unrelated to aggression. Perceived inter-group conflict of interests, the postulated motivator of aggression, predicted it strongly. The effects of conflict on aggression were partially mediated by 2 indexes of dehumanizing the out-group (perceived value dissimilarity and trait inhumanity) and by 1 index of probable empathy with it (perceived in-group-out-group boundary permeability). These variables related to aggression more strongly among persons who identified highly with their in-group. The variables also mediated the effects of religious group affiliation on aggression. The value dissimilarity finding supports derivations from belief congruence theory.

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Do men and women construe basic values in the same way? The authors investigate possible gender differences in value meaning at three levels: 2 dimensions that organize value systems, 10 motivationally distinct values, and 45 value items. They assess differences across and within diverse cultures and perform multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) and Procrustes analyses on responses to a value survey by 11,244 respondents in eight cultural regions (Chinese East Asia, Eastern Europe, Finland, France, Israel, Japan, Latin America, and the United States). Statistical fit indices and inspection of graphic representations reveal neither cross-culturally consistent gender effects on value meaning nor Gender × Culture interactions. The implications of these findings for theories of gender effects and for the cross-cultural study of gender differences in value importance are discussed.

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