Background. The antioxidant system in islets of Langerhans is weak, which can lead to diabetes. Meanwhile, the main component of cloves that produce antioxidant effects is eugenol. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant effect of eugenol on oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in islets of Langerhans isolated from the male mice. Materials and Methods. In this experimental study, adult Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice (20-25 g) were prepared. The collagenase digestion method was used for dissecting the islets of Langerhans. H2O2 50 μM was administered for 30 min to induce oxidative stress, with 50, 100, and 200 μM of eugenol employed for 2 hours before the administration of H2O2. The experimental groups were divided into five groups: (control, H2O2, and H2O2+eugenol 50, 100, and 200 μM). Finally, the islet’s lipid peroxidation and antioxidants levels were measured by the ELISA assay method. Results. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) increased in all groups when compared to the control ( P < 0.05 ). MDA diminished in H2O2+eugenol 50, 100, and 200 μM ( P < 0.01 ) groups versus the H2O2. TAC was elevated when eugenol 50, 100, and 200 μM was administered in oxidative stress-induced islets ( P < 0.001 ). Also, CAT increased in the H2O2+eugenol 50 ( P < 0.05 ) group in comparison with the H2O2 group. Conclusions. In conclusion, H2O2 induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the islets, and administration of eugenol recovered these alterations by raising the level of TAC and CAT, while reducing MDA as a lipid peroxidation biomarker.

Context: Coronavirus (CoV), as a respiratory-related infectious disease, can be transferred to different animal species subsequently adapted to humans. This virus induces renal disorders such as nephritis. This scoping review investigated the effect of these viruses, especially SARS-CoV-2, in inducing kidney damage and its probable cellular mechanism of action other than the ACE2 receptor. Evidence Acquisition: This scoping review was conducted using Arksey and Omally’s methodology and PRISMA-SCR checklist. To achieve the aim of the study, English articles in the PubMed database were searched until November 2019 by utilization of the MeSH term system, including four groups of search terms of coronavirus, COVID-19, and kidney and in combination with each other. Results: After deleting the similar articles (n = 561634), 9,426 of them were selected for the screening and title and abstract review. A total of 75 studies were selected, and 37 remained, 54% of which was between “2010 - 2020” and 46% between “1990 - 2010”, and the study population was 24% human, 31% animal, and 45% cellular. Moreover, 66% of the studies were not cited because of their cellularity and age. Conclusions: The present review showed that coronaviruses such as HCv-OC43, HCoV-229E, and TGV induced several kidney injuries, including glomerulonephropathy and proximal tubule destruction through APN expression. Therefore, according to the similar effects of SARS-CoV-2 to other coronaviruses on inducing kidney damages, it could be suggested that this type of coronavirus might produce its pathological effects via the expression of APN in addition to the ACE2 receptor.

Objective: This study investigated the effects of aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of Seidlitzia rosmarinus on reproductive hormones, sperm variables, and antioxidant enzymes level in the mice testis.Methods: In this experimental study, 24 three-monthold male NMRI mice weighing (25-30g) were divided into three groups: control, aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of Seidlitzia rosmarinus 100mg/kg. Dissolved extracts were gavaged orally for 35 days. One day after receiving the last dose of the extract, the blood sample, testis, and the epididymis tail were taken for plasma hormonal, testicular antioxidants level, sperm count, and vitality assessments.Results: Testicular level of malondialdehyde increased in aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts groups (p=0.04); total antioxidant capacity decreased in aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts groups (p=0.008); and the consumption of aqueous (p<0.001) and hydro-alcoholic (p=0.03) extracts decreased catalase in comparison with the control group. The plasma level of luteinizing hormone decreased in the aqueous extracts administrated group (p=0.009); the follicle-stimulating hormone increased in aqueous (p=0.03), and hydro-alcoholic extracts administered mice; and the testosterone level decreased in aqueous extracttreated animals versus the control group (p<0.001). The sperm count was increased in aqueous (p=0.04) and hydro-alcoholic (p=0.009) extracts groups, but its vitality was decreased (p=0.008) in comparison with the control group.Conclusions: In conclusion, Seidlitzia rosmarinus has an adverse effect on male reproductive hormones and sperm viability via increased lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant defense system performance.