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Vitamin D plays a vital role in health; therefore, there is a need for a sensitive, selective, quick, and easy technique for its determination. Previous research has proposed electrochemical biosensors based on different carbon materials that are functionalized with various electrochemical biosensors. However, the existing problems and future opportunities for these sensors need further research. The practical use of electrochemical biosensors for vitamin D detection is attributed to their ability to detect vitamin D from diverse samples, including vitamin D production, in nature. This chapter provides recent investigations on the utilization of electrochemical biosensors for vitamin D detection such as Ab-25OHD/SPE/FMTAD, CYP27B1/GCE, SiO2/GO/Ni(OH)2/GCE, BSA/Ab-VD2/CD-CH/ITO, BSA/Anti VD/Fe3O4 PANnFs/ITO, BSA/Ab-VD/Asp-Gd2O3NRs/ITO, 25OHD, 25OHD Antibody, IoT-Enabled Enzyme Embossed Biosensor, Au-Pt NPs/APTES/FTO, and GCN-β-CD/Au nanocomposite. The chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in electrochemical biosensors for accurate and efficient vitamin D detection.

Background: Nitric Oxide is involved in several physiological processes, including vasodilation, blood pressure control, platelet and antileucocyte activity, and neurotoxicity. When given within 4 to 6 hours after the start of stroke, nitric oxide donors (NO donors) have shown promise as an acute stroke therapy in two clinical studies. Methods: People with acute or chronic stroke were included in randomized trials of NO donors, and IPD was obtained from the trialists. The changed Rankin scale (mRS) and mortality by point in time to randomization were used to evaluate the impact of NO donor organize on practical result. Impairment, mood, and life quality were all included as secondary outcomes. Results: Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) was used in all five studies (4,197 individuals). GTN reduced BP by 7.4/3.3mmHg as compare to the organize set. After 90 days, GTN has not altered any clinical measurements in any way, shape, or form. While GTN was linked with positive changes in the mRS (odds ratio (OR) of 0.52, 95% self-assurance gap of 0.34–0.78) and decreased mortality in 312 patients who were randomly assigned within 6 hours of the start of stroke, this was not the case for the other patients in the study. Conclusions: Little donors had no effect on the recovery of stroke victims. NO donors, on the other hand, may enhance outcomes in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke when specified in six hours of the start of stroke. Keywords: drugs, nitric oxide, Glyceryl trinitrate, acute cerebral hemorrhage, stroke, pharmacology