The present paper reports the effect of aluminium oxide and titanium oxide reinforcement on the properties of aluminium matrix. Aluminium matrix reinforced with aluminium oxide–titanium oxide (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 wt.%) in equal proportion were prepared by stir casting. Phase, microstructure, energy dispersive spectroscopy, density, hardness, impact strength and tensile strength of prepared samples have been investigated. X-ray diffraction reports the intermediate phase formation between the matrix and reinforcement phases due to interfacial bonding between them. Scanning electron microscopy shows that aluminium matrix has uniform distribution of reinforcement particle i.e. aluminium oxide and titanium oxide. Density of composite decreases due to variation of reinforcement and it shows low density after preheating. Hardness decreases due to the amalgamation of reinforcements. Impact strength was found to increase with the addition of reinforcements. Hybrid composite of aluminium matrix and (5% aluminium oxide + 5% titanium oxide) reinforcements have maximum engineering and true ultimate tensile strength. It is expected that the present hybrid metal matrix composites will be useful for aircraft rivets.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of alumina (Al2O3)–carbon (C) reinforcement on the properties of aluminium matrix. Aluminium matrix reinforced with Al2O3–carbon (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 wt.%) in equal proportion was prepared by stir casting. Phase, microstructure, EDS, density, hardness, impact strength and tensile strength of prepared samples have been investigated. X-ray diffraction reports the intermediate phase formation between the matrix and reinforcement phase due to interfacial bonding between them. Scanning electron microscopy shows that Al matrix has uniform distribution of reinforcement particles, i.e. Al2O3 and carbon. Density decreases due to variation of reinforcement because ceramic reinforcement has low density. Hardness decreases due to variation of carbon since it has soft nature. Impact strength was found to increase with addition of reinforcement. Hybrid composite of Al and 5% Al2O3 + 5% carbon reinforcement has maximum engineering and true ultimate tensile strength. It is expected that the present hybrid metal matrix composites will be useful for fabricating stock screws.

The aim of the present work is to investigate vickers hardness, wear behavior as well as to perform optimization of wear data for pure Al and Al-Al2O3-TiO2 hybrid metal matrix composites. The hybrid composite (Al-Al2O3-TiO2) was prepared by mechanical stir casting with equal proportion of reinforcement (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 wt.%). Vickers hardness, wear behavior and its optimization using ANOVA as well as TOPSIS along with the microstructure of the worn surface of prepared sample has been investigated. Vickers hardness increases with an increase in weight percentage of reinforcements. Wear test was carried out under dry sliding condition by pin-on-disc wear machine according to the ASTM G99-95a standard. Wear properties of the sample have been obtained at different percentages of reinforcement. Wear resistance of the hybrid composite increases with the variation of percentage of titanium oxide particles due to its lubricating properties. ANOVA shows that the reinforcements and load have different effect on samples wear rate. TOPSIS analysis shows rank of the sample according to its wear rate. Worn surface morphology was investigated and it showed deep grooves, more debris, delamination and rough surface in pure Al sample as compared to the high percentage of reinforced hybrid metal matrix composites.

Mycobacteria are members of the Actinomycetales order, and they are classified into one family, Mycobacteriaceae. More than 20 mycobacterial species cause disease in humans. The Mycobacterium group, called the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), has nine closely related species that cause tuberculosis in animals and humans. TB can be detected worldwide and one-fourth of the world’s population is contaminated with tuberculosis. According to the WHO, about two million dies from it, and more than nine million people are newly infected with TB each year. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is the most potential causative agent of tuberculosis and prompts enormous mortality and morbidity worldwide due to the incompletely understood pathogenesis of human tuberculosis. Moreover, modern diagnostic approaches for human tuberculosis are inefficient and have many lacks, while MTBC species can modulate host immune response and escape host immune attacks to sustain in the human body. “Multi-omics” strategies such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and deep sequencing technologies could be a comprehensive strategy to investigate the pathogenesis of mycobacterial species in humans and offer significant discovery to find out biomarkers at the early stage of disease in the host. Thus, in this review, we attempt to understand an overview of the mission of “omics” approaches in mycobacterial pathogenesis, including tuberculosis, leprosy, and other mycobacterial diseases.

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