This study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) in commercial layer farms of Chittagong district, Bangladesh. Antigen coated indirect ELISA was performed to determine the antibody titre against ILTV. The overall seroprevalence of ILTV was 17.33% in commercial layer farms in 5 selected Upazilas of Chittagong district. The highest seroprevalence was found in Anowara upazila (26.67%) followed by Rangunia (18.46%), Raozan (16.67%), Boalkhali (13.33%) with the lowest prevalence in Patia (10.90%). The seroprevalence of ILTV was found higher in winter (24%) season compared to rainy (16%) and summer (12%). Significantly higher seroprevalence of ILTV was observed in the birds of 10-35 weeks of age (23.24%) than the birds of 36-70 weeks of age (7.83%). Prevalence of ILT was found significantly higher (P<0.05) in the farms maintaining lower biosecurity (biosecurity category 2) (22.78%) than in the farms maintaining higher biosecurity (biosecurity category 1) (9.17%) and the ILT was more predominant in the birds rearing in deep liter (23.48%) than in the cages (13.14%) which is statistically significant (P < 0.05) with χ2-value of 4.9144. These results denoted that wide seroprevalence of ILTV in commercial layer farms of Chittagong district of Bangladesh.All copyrights reserved to Nexus® academic publishers

During parasitological surveys in Chittagong, Bangladesh two species of trichodinid ectoparasites belonging to the genera Tripartiella Lom, 1959 and Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1830 were collected from the gills of Rita rita (Hamilton, 1822) and Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) from January to December 2001. Tripartiella orthodens Basson and Van As, 1987 was recorded from the gills of R. rita in the Karnaphuli River systems, and Trichodina cobitis Lom, 1961 from C. striata in a household pond. Description, photomicrographs and morphometric data of these ciliates are provided along with their prevalence and intensity of infection.

We assessed change in the asset profile of households of Gulmit village while they were attempting their recovery from Attabad landslide disaster, which occurred during 2010 in Pakistan. Primary data came from 183 randomly selected households of the disaster affected village through field work conducted in 2013. The physical, social, financial, natural, and human capitals were evaluated using weighted average indexes and cumulative indexes developed for accounting pre- and post-disaster situations. The findings reveal that all these capitals are interlinked. Any change in physical capital caused redundancy of natural capital negatively affecting livelihood opportunities locally. Loss of income and savings was result of negative impacts on financial capitals. The study further found that social capital is crucial but perishable. Human capital appears to be the most crucial hedge against vulnerabilities as healthy, qualified and skilled humans can choose alternative livelihoods in the face of climate changes, explore options, and divert their occupations while attempting recovery from disasters. Furthermore, relief packages and food aid interventions are necessary but not sufficient condition for effective disaster recovery. The relief operations are important in short term and helpful during the period when communities are passing through the coping stage. The restoration of physical capital (crucial infrastructure) and human capital are the most important aspects to focus upon for building resilient communities and mitigation of the negative impacts of climate change induced disasters.