No seroconversion occurred among those that received either or both HIV and HBV PEP and completed PEP treatment.

Background:The frequency of raised serum alpha-fetoprotein may vary in relation to hepatitis B or C infection in chronic liver disease (CLD). The study evaluated the frequency of hepatitis B and C in patients with chronic liver disease and correlated the levels of serum alpha-fetoprotein with hepatitis B and C infection in the patients.Materials and Methods:Eighty-six patients with CLD were recruited for the study. Fifty subjects, with no CLD were used as control. Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C antibody were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique (Human diagnostics, Germany and HCV Murex 40 Anhet laboratories, USA) while liver function tests were evaluated using express plus chemistry auto analyzer. Alpha-fetoprotein was assayed using ELECSYS 1010 auto analyser.Results:There were 60 males and 26 females, with a mean age of 46 + 6.5 years, while the controls were 25 males and 25 females with a mean age of 41 ± 2.5 years. Thirty-six subjects (41.7%) were seropositive for HBsAg while 24 (27.9%) were seropositive for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) antibody. The mean alpha fetoprotein level was 359 ± 9.9 ng/mL while mean control value was 1.93 ± 0.24 ng/mL. Liver function test parameters were elevated compared with control subjects (P < 0.001). The increase in serum alpha-fetoprotein was higher (P < 0.001) in HCV than HBsAg positive patients.Conclusion:Serum alpha-fetoprotein level was highest in HCV compared to HBsAg positive and hepatitis negative patients with CLD.

Using a tabular design, the bacteriological profile of egg yolk forms and different formulations of yolkcitrate semen extenders across different storage periods was examined. Twenty-one eggs less than 24 h old were randomly selected from 3 crates of eggs. The yolks were harvested and divided into two equal parts. One part was centrifuged for 1 h at 3500 revolutions per minute (rpm) to get clarified yolk. The remaining part was left whole. Each part was divided into three aliquots, one of which was cultured immediately (pre-storage) on MacConkey, Chocolate, Deoxycholate Citrate and Sabouraud Dextrose Agars and the other two stored each for 24 and 48 h before culture on the same media. The cultures were incubated for 24 h at 37°C. Left over egg yolks were pooled according to forms and kept frozen (-20°C) before being used to formulate extenders. Four different extenders were prepared using the clarified and whole yolks with or without antibiotics. The extenders were treated as previously described for egg yolk. Plates with apparent colonies were subjected to biochemical tests to identify the isolates and antibiotic susceptibility testing after the colonies were counted. Clarified yolk was less contaminated compared to whole egg yolk. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from whole egg yolk and it was sensitive to Streptomycin, Amoxicillin, Neomycin, Penicillin and Cefoxitin but resistant to Gentamicin. Extenders with antibiotics were less contaminated than extenders without antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Salmonella species were isolated from semen extenders without antibiotics. All isolates were sensitive to Gentamicin. In conclusion, clarified yolk and extenders containing clarified yolk with antibiotics had no contamination. Hence, clarified yolk should be used in the preparation of extenders instead of whole yolks. Also, Gentamicin should be included in extender formulations to reduce bacterial contamination.

This study evaluates the cytology and prevalence of bacteria in the genital tract of non-pregnant dromedary camels at the main abattoir of Kano through a cross-sectional design with convenience sampling. Results revealed that Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated with E. coli and S. aureus being the most prevalent. These bacteria were more prevalent in the vagina followed by the cervix and were more sensitive to cefoxitin, gentamicin and amoxicillin. The vagina had more cell counts than other regions of the non-pregnant genitalia. No association was recorded between cell type and region of non-pregnant genitalia. Similarly, there was no association between cell morphology and region of non-pregnant genitalia. However, there was association between background content and region of non-pregnant genitalia. In conclusion, bacteria inhabiting the non-pregnant camelid genitalia are Proteus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with E. coli and S. aureus being the most prevalent. These were sensitive to cefoxitin, gentamicin and amoxicillin. The vagina compared to other regions of the genitalia had more cell counts. The background content was dependent on region of non-pregnant camel genitalia.

Background Sepsis is a life-threatening infection that can lead to organ failure and death. We aim to assess predictors of mortality among children admitted with Septicemia at a referral health facility in Northwestern Nigeria. Methods We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study of children aged 0-14 years admitted to various units of the pediatrics department of the health facilities. Children were recruited between September 2018 and November 2019. All recruited children were followed up on clinical progress until either discharge, abscondment, or death. We assessed the children clinically daily and collected whole-blood samples for laboratory tests. We conducted a univariate and multivariable analysis using STATA-16 to assess identified predictive factors with our outcome variable. Results A total of 326 children were recruited, median age: 2-years. About 54.0% of the children were boys, and 53.1% were within 1-5 years age-group. Predominant organisms cultured from the blood of the children were Salmonella typhi (5.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2.3%), and Staphylococcus aureus (2.0%). A total of 35 deaths were recorded with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 10.7%. CFR is highest in children <1years (13.6%). Child’s vaccination status, mother’s education level as well as blood lactate levels, GCS, qSOFA score and positive blood culture were significantly associated with child’s mortality. Factors associated with increase mortality include; children with incomplete vaccination history [OR=1.72, 95%CI: 2.74–15.53] versus those with full vaccination; children whose mothers had no formal education [OR=14.39, 95%CI: 3.24–63.99] when compared to those children whose mothers have tertiary level of education. Furthermore, children with whole blood lactate level between 4-8mmol/l [OR=3.23, 95%CI: 1.15–9.07], or greater than 8mmol/l [OR=10.54, 95%CI: 3.68–30.14] versus children with whole blood lactate level less than 4mmol/l; children with qSOFA score of 3 [OR=15.62, 95%CI: 3.31–73.60] versus children with qSOFA score of 1; and children who had a positive blood culture [OR=6.90, 95%CI: 3.04–15.64]. Conclusion We found a high prevalence of severe sepsis at pediatrics department of AKTH. Serum lactate levels, GCS, and qSOFA scores were predictive of mortality. Routine measurement and monitoring of these parameters will improve case management and reduce sepsis related mortality in the hospital.