This study was carried out to determine the LC50 of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on Oreochromis niloticus and to investigate the effect of vitamin E and C on hematological and biochemical alterations induced by two sublethal concentrations (1 and 2 mg/L) of ZnONPs. One hundred and eighty fish were used for studying the lethal concentrations of ZnONPs. For sublethal study two hundred and twenty-five males of O. niloticus were equally divided into five groups, control, the second and the third were treated with 1 and 2 mg/L ZnONPs respectively. The fourth and fifth were exposed to the same concentrations of ZnONPs plus vitamins E and C. The results revealed that the 96 h LC50 of ZnONPs was 3.1 ± 0.4 mg/L. The sublethal study revealed the presence of normocytic normochromic anemia in groups (2, 3 and 5) along the experiment period. The 4th group showed normocytic normochromic anemia at the 7th day and microcytic hypochromic anemia at the 15th day. Leukocytosis, heterophilia, lymphopenia and monocytopenia were recorded at the 7th day in all treated groups compared with the normal control. At the 15th day heteropenia, lymphopenia and monocytopenia were reported in all treated groups. A significant increase in the serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, aminotransferases, urea, creatinine and erythrocytic nuclear and morphological abnormalities along the experimental periods in all treated groups compared with the normal control. Serum total protein and albumin levels were significantly decreased at the same period in the same groups. Addition of vitamin E and C to the diet (groups 4 and 5) significantly improved all measured parameters compared with groups (2 and 3) which treated with ZnONPs only.

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Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely grave communicable disease of livestock. It affects all wild and domestic animals with cloven hoof. It is caused by Aphtho virus (Apthous fever) or (FMDV) foot and mouth disease virus which is originated from family Picornaviridae. 30 adult female water buffaloes, 3-5 years old infected with FMD serotypes, O. These animals were located at Sharkia governorate, Egypt during the period beetwen December 2014 to March 2015. Hematological findings showed no significant change in erythrogram and reduction in total leukocytes in the early stage of FMDV infection. Moreover development of macrocytic normochromic anemia and increase in total leukocytes and lymphocytic counts was reported in the late stage of infection. A significant decrease in cholesterol , progesterone , total proteins, albumin , globulins, calcium and sodium levels in infected groups, while a significant increase in serum activities of ALT ,AST, glucose, total, direct ,indirect bilirubine, phosphorous potassium, NO. MDA, CK-MB, LDH and CTNI. Without alterations in creatinine level.

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This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of Clostridium perfringens (Cl. perfringens) infection on broiler chickens. Also, to compare between the effect of amoxicillin and / or organic acids on Cl. perfringens infection through the evaluation of hemogram, blood chemistry, hepato-renal functions and immune response using ELISA technique. One hundred, one-day old Hubbard chicks were divided into five equal groups. Group 1: negative control, Group 2: infected broilers with Cl. perfringens type A (1.9×10 9 organism/mL), Group 3: infected chickens and treated with amoxicillin [15 mg/kg body weight (B.W.)] for 5 successive days, Group 4: chickens were administered organic acids (1 mL /L water) then were infected and Group 5: infected chickens then treated with both amoxicillin and organic acids. Cl. perfringens infection resulted in decreased appetite, ruffled feathers and brownish diarrhea with sudden death in some cases with a mortality rate up to 25%. Birds infected and treated with amoxicillin showed mild clinical signs with 15% mortalities. Majority of chickens supplemented with organic acids or with organic acids and amoxicillin followed by Cl. perfringens infection showed depression with a mild diarrhea and 10% mortality rate. Chickens infected with Cl. perfringens had macrocytic hypochromic anemia, leukocytosis, heterophilia and monocytosis. In addition, a significant decrease of total protein, albumin, phagocytic % and phagocytic index with a significant increase of total golbulins, liver enzymes activities, serum uric acid, creatinine and glucose levels were reported. Treatment of Cl. perfringens infection with amoxicillin, organic acids alone or their combination resulted in a positive effect in treatment, ameliorating the severity of infection and a significant improvement in some immunological and biochemical parameters. In conclusion, the combination of amoxicillin and organic acids showed the best results as it returned all hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters to their normal levels.