virtuelle, les chercheurs se sont intéressés particulièrement à l'interaction 3D qui peut être considérée comme la composante motrice de tout système interactif. En effet, l'interaction donne une meilleure sensation d'immersion et un sentiment d'être réellement dans l'univers virtuel. Dans cet article, nous proposons une revue des techniques d'interaction 3D utilisées par la communauté de réalité virtuelle. Nous présentons par la suite un bilan sur l'état actuel de la recherche dans le domaine de l'interaction 3D ainsi qu'une nouvelle voie à explorer pour interagir facilement et efficacement avec des environnements complexes. ABSTRACT. Since the appearance of the technology of virtual reality, the researchers were interested particularly in the 3D interaction which can be regarded as the driving component of any interactive system. Indeed, the interaction gives a better feeling of immersion and a feeling to be present really in the virtual universe. In this paper, we propose a review of the techniques of 3D interaction used by the community of virtual reality. We present afterward a report on the current state of the 3D interaction domain and a new way to explore to interact easily and efficiently with complex environments.

This paper gives preliminary results about the utilization of an interaction technique called FOLLOW-ME to fasten the selection task for teleoperation system. The implementation of an interaction between a user and a Virtual Environment (VE) in Virtual Reality (VR) may use various techniques. However, in the case of teleoperation, the interaction must be very precise and comfortable for the user. The model associated to the FOLLOW-ME technique splits the Virtual Environment into three zones in which a specific interaction model is used: a free manipulation zone, a scaled manipulation zone and a precise manipulation zone. Each one of the three zones is characterized by a specific interaction granularity. In the precise manipulation zone, we use the concept of virtual guides in order to assist the user to achieve his task. In this paper, our aim is to show that the FOLLOW-ME technique is well suited for selection in teleoperation tasks. To do this, we have first compared the FOLLOW-ME technique with classical interaction techniques in a virtual environment where different targets are situated at different depth and may move. The preliminary results show that our technique is more efficient than the classical Go-Go and Ray-casting techniques, in a sense that the task is more reproducible and easier to accomplish by the user. In a second stage, we use this result to design selection procedures for the ARITI tele-operation system and show that the use of FOLLOW-ME induces benefits for the user.

Human Operators (HO) of telerobotics systems may be able to achieve complex operations with robots. Designing usable and effective Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) is very challenging for system developers and human factors specialists. The search for new metaphors and techniques for HRI adapted to telerobotics systems emerge on the conception of Multimodal HRI (MHRI). MHRI allows to interact naturally and easily with robots due to combination of many devices and an efficient Multimodal Management System (MMS). A system like this should bring a new user's experience in terms of natural interaction, usability, efficiency and flexibility to HRI system. So, a good management of multimodality is very. Moreover, the MMS must be transparent to user in order to be efficient and natural.Empirical evaluation is necessary to have an idea about the goodness of our MMS. We will use an Empirical Evaluation Assistant (EEA) designed in the IBISC laboratory. EEA permits to rapidly gather significant feedbacks about the usability of interaction during the development lifecycle. However the HRI would be classically evaluated by ergonomics experts at the end of its development lifecycle.Results from a preliminary evaluation on a robot teleoperation tasks using the ARITI software framework for assisting the user in piloting the robot, and the IBISC semi-immersive VR/AR platform EVR@, are given. They compare the use of a Flystick and Data Gloves for the 3D interaction with the robot. They show that our MMS is functional although multimodality used in our experiments is not sufficient to provide an efficient Human-Robot Interaction. The EVR@ SPIDAR force feedback will be integrated in our MMS to improve the user's efficiency.

No abstract