Evisceration and enucleation have been acceptable therapeutic modalities to treat not only severe ocular trauma but also various ocular conditions, such as intraocular tumors, endophthalmitis, and blind-painful-cosmetically disfiguring eyes, over the last two centuries. Clinical indications and choices of procedure, whether enucleation or evisceration, vary among institutions, surgeon experience, and severity of structure loss. In the past, enucleation has been preferred by most surgeons for various reasons, including the fear of sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) after evisceration. Despite the possibility of causing SO, anophthalmic socket also has complications, including superior sulcus defect, conjunctival surface changes, implant exposure, fornix/socket contraction, and eyelid malposition. This literature review will discuss indication, technique, and decision with regard to enucleation or evisceration after ocular trauma.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important mediator of pathological neovascularization and ocular vascular permeability. In phase I ROP, VEGF levels decrease due to hyperoxia but increase sharply in phase II ROP due to hypoxia, which triggers retinal neovascularization. To increase understanding of anti-VEGF injection therapy as a management for ROP in order to avoid serious complications such as blindness in children. The use of intravitreal therapy targeting VEGF is increasingly in demand and has changed the way of view in treating vitreoretinal disease in children, especially in cases with severe posterior abnormalities, media opacity, and unstable systemic Compared with laser, anti-VEGF allows retinal vasculature to further vascularize toward the peripheral retina.Although it has many advantages, it is necessary to have a good understanding and continuous observation of systemic side effects and long-term neurodevelopment in children after anti-VEGF injection given that this action is a new therapy compared to others.