National Dual Training System (NDTS) implementation in Malaysia was designed to produce highly skilled and knowledgeable K-workers, equipped with the social skills and learning methodologies. Research used documentation as data collection methods and data was analysed using historical, inductive and deductive reasoning method. The Ninth Malaysia Plan has stated four challenges which  need to be addressed  in  developing  the Technical  and  Vocational  Education  Training (TVET)  sector.  One of  the issues  is competency gaps among instructors. Based on the issue, the research objective is to identify the competency levels among instructors of NDTS. There are three aspects need to be applied by instructors during their teaching and learning session which include (1) technical  skills, (2) knowledge,  and (3) behaviour. This research  is further  into  assessment  as  the platform to  measure competency quality among the instructors of NDTS. The result showed that, the assessment based competency is able to  improve the competency levels among the instructors of NDTS.

Low Carbon School students' involvement sustainability activities carbon literacy knowledge low carbon attitudes carbon literacy values low carbon practices Low Carbon Schools is an initiative that promotes activities of sustainability among school children by minimising carbon emission in the school environment. This study aimed to build a model of a Low Carbon School involving 224 secondary school students of SMK Kalumpang, Selangor, Malaysia. The survey was conducted using the seven steps of the Low Carbon Schools framework, by setting up low carbon clubs, conducting field studies, building action plans, monitoring and reviewing plans, developing links to the curriculum, encouraging involvement among the school community, and implementing a low carbon code. Evaluation of the framework results was conducted using pre-test and post-test assessments to examine carbon literacy knowledge, low carbon attitudes, carbon literacy values, and low carbon practices. The findings show that there was an increase in levels for the four variables between the assessments before and after the implementation of the programme. The results of this study are important for use as guides and examples for the schools that are interested in the implementation of this Low Carbon Schools initiative. Contribution/ Originality: This study contributes in the existing literature in Low Carbon School by modifying the Eco Schools framework and was first conducted in Malaysia in promoting reduction of carbon emissions in schools. The paper should be of interest to readers in the areas of environmental education.

The prime rationale of the high school math curriculum is to develop the intellectual mind of learners who can think and apply learnt content into solving problems of different areas of learning. Thus, to assess this context, a mixedmethod approach was undertaken to assess the levels of the 640 High school leavers’ mathematical thinking acumen in the context of their preparation in facing the challenges of tertiary level. The findings depict low-level mathematical thinking attainment regarding their dearth in critical thinking and creative thinking to solve higher-order thinking tasks. They lack a heuristics repertoire to use their contextual knowledge in solving fundamental nonroutine problems. This then begs the question: how are these students to face the upcoming hurdles and challenges bound to be thrown their way at the tertiary level? Keywords: Mathematical thinking, problem solving, non-routine, heuristics