El texto escolar es objeto de promoción en políticas públicas educativas porque operacionaliza el currículum escolar. Sin embargo, predominan actividades expositivas y reproductivas con escasa atención al potencial epistémico de la lectura y la escritura para promover aprendizajes en las disciplinas. Siguiendo la perspectiva de Escribir para aprender y Aprender a escribir, el propósito de este artículo es presentar una propuesta didáctica fundamentada, sistemática y replicable de enseñanza de la lectura y la escritura en Matemáticas, Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias Sociales de educación básica, materializada en 107 cápsulas didácticas que se incluyeron en 24 libros de texto chilenos entre 2015 y 2017. Se identifica la riqueza y diversidad de géneros discursivos a través del currículum, se seleccionan actividades situadas de libros de texto que incluyan leer o escribir esos géneros, y se construyen secuencias didácticas con socialización de expectativas, modelamiento de proceso y facilitación de recursos y procedimientos lingüísticos.
Objective. To describe discourse genres most frequently used, and the most common mistakes in the construction of academic texts of nursing students of the Catholic University of Chile. Methodology. Qualitative study carried out in 2006. 68 papers (27 individuals and 41 groups) were chosen. To identify the main genre in each text, the paper was characterized taking into account textual, discursive and pragmatic criteria. To identify the most frequent mistakes, they were reviewed according to the course they came from. Problems or mistakes categories were obtained by saturation. Results. Discourse genres most frequently used by the students are case reports and bibliographic studies. Problems in the construction of the text were mainly linked to: inappropriate use of vocabulary, academic informality, and deficient construction of sentences. Conclusion. The level of development of writing abilities is descriptive, existing deficiencies that deserve to be studied, aiming to develop strategies to decrease this problem.
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