The chapter focuses on using crowdfunding for financing sustainable projects, that is projects aiming to extend their goal beyond market success and provide benefit to the larger part of society. The chapter discusses the definition and dimensions of sustainable development and sustainable entrepreneurship and provides an overview of the existing literature on crowdfunding of sustainable projects. The authors also review four European sustainability-oriented crowdfunding platforms representing different crowdfunding models. This review reveals that sustainable projects have rather high success rates in crowdfunding and may address all the three dimensions of sustainable development. However, environmental dimension gets the most attention. All the crowdfunding models are relevant for sustainable projects; yet, Loan-based crowdfunding seems to have the highest success rates. Moreover, focus on a particular dimension of sustainability may influence the choice of the crowdfunding model.

Introduction. Communication complexities which often occur in interdisciplinary work gave rise to the studies on teaching interdisciplinary communication. A growing need to provide pedagogical solutions to facilitate teaching interdisciplinary communication stimulated the research into language as a social practice to better understand communication process for interdisciplinary purposes.Aim. This exploratory study investigates the concept of interdisciplinary communicative competence and proposes a framework of interdisciplinary communicative competence with the focus on three underlying components: knowledge, skills, and personal attributes of interdisciplinary team members.Methodology and research methods. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The data obtained from 24 in-depth semi-structured interviews with five groups of higher education stakeholders (employers, academic directors of the programmes, professors, students, and alumni) revealed the existing interdisciplinary practices in the university and cross-functional practices in the companies. The proposed framework was empirically tested using an online survey with 139 responses from professors, students, and employers. The data processing techniques included the use of Kendall’s concordance coefficient, Cronbach’s alpha, and the principal component analysis.Results. The study presents the authors’ conceptualisation of interdisciplinary communicative competence and its framework as the result of the literature analysis and the empirical research. The findings provided evidence on the importance of language skills for effective interdisciplinary communication as perceived by 5 groups of respondents. The choice of language skills as a basic component of interdisciplinary communicative competence is justified.Scientific novelty. The study contributes to the conceptualisation of a framework of interdisciplinary communicative competence. The elements of the framework are identified and their relevance is empirically tested.Practical significance. The results of the empirical part of the study can be applied in the design of interdisciplinary learning process in higher education, for example, in the design of interdisciplinary courses, and teaching materials.

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Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation Artels, some kind of semi-formal association for co-operative labor, were widely spread in Russia right up till early twentieth century. There are different explanations of this phenomenon. Using the New Institutional Economics approach the paper reveals that artels as an organizational form of production that existed mainly due to rather effective solving adverse selection and moral hazard problems.Keywords: artel, New Institutional Economics, team production, adverse selection, moral hazard, agency costs. Russian Artel as an Organizational Form of Production in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries… РОССИЙСКАЯ АРТЕЛЬ КАК ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННАЯ ФОРМА ПРОИЗВОДСТВА В XIX -НАЧАЛЕ XX В.: НЕОИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПОДХОД Н. П. ДроздоваСанкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Российская Федерация, 199034, Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., 7-9 Артельные формы организации труда и производства существовали в России из-древле и применялись в самых разнообразных сферах. В данной статье выявляются при-чины, способствовавшие относительной устойчивости и распространенности хозяй-ственных артелей в России.Важнейшими признаками артельной организации были: договорное начало; добро-вольность вступления в артель; обязательный личный труд каждого члена в ведении про-мысла; круговая порука, когда каждый ручался солидарно за всех остальных, а все вместе за каждого. Законодательство об артелях конца XVIII -начала XX в. носило самый об-щий, рамочный, характер. В нем закреплялись принципы, спонтанно сформировавшиеся в процессе длительного функционирования артелей. Единственное, что постоянно под-тверждалось в правительственных указах, касавшихся деятельности артельных органи-заций, -это необходимость круговой поруки и ответственности членов артели друг за Вестник СПбГУ. Сер. 8. Менеджмент. 2016. Вып. 2 63 Russian Artel as an Organizational Form of Production in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries…друга. Формальные правила функционирования артелей дополнялись неформальными, но общераспространенными процедурами.С позиций новой институциональной экономической теории артельную форму ведения хозяйства можно трактовать как решение проблем, сопряженных с работой в команде. При работе в команде возникают большие трансакционные издержки: органи-зационные, издержки мониторинга и дисциплинирования членов команды, определения их индивидуального вклада в общий выпуск. В трудовой артели довольно успешно были отработаны механизмы снижения такого рода трансакционных издержек, в том числе из-держек формирования успешной команды, подсчета (измерения) производительности и вознаграждения, предотвращения возможного оппортунистического поведения.Мерами предотвращения предконтрактного оппортунизма служили в первую оче-редь критерии приема в артель: учет имущественного состояния, физических и нрав-ственных качеств будущего члена артели, а также наличие вступительного взноса. Важ-ную роль играли поручительства. Критерии приема в артель обеспечивали своеобразную фильтра...

This paper is the result of a study investigating the role of integrated bilingual classes in reducing interference in acquisition of German as the second foreign language. Focus groups were students of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk. The students studied English as a first foreign language and German as a second foreign language. The aim of our study was to find a way of reducing the negative effect of English on German acquisition during speaking. Throughout the study, we applied such methods as observation, interviews of focus groups, surveys and oral testing. To achieve the aim of our research, we conducted a series of integrated classes. During the experiment, we found out that integrated class activities contributed to reducing vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation mistakes during learners' speaking. This study can provide a basis for future research into the phenomenon of interference and the ways of overcoming it.