This study aimed to evaluate clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in comparison with normoglycemic patients (NDM). Glycemic and lipid profiles and periodontal clinical status were determined for thirty-three patients (17 DM and 16 NDM). The presence of periodontopathogens and species of Candida in subgingival sites were determined by polymerase chain reaction and immunological parameters by ELISA assays. All glycemic and clinical parameters evaluated were higher in the DM group, with statistical difference for fasting glucose, glycated-hemoglobin, and periodontal parameters. Lipid profile (except triglycerides), levels of TNF-α and myeloperoxidase and the prevalence of the tested microorganisms were similar between the groups, except for Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, which was higher in the DM group. In conclusion, although microbiological and immunological parameters were similar in the DM and NDM groups, periodontitis and the levels of some species of Candida were more severe in DM patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of smokers (light and heavy) and non-smokers with gingivitis (G) and chronic periodontal disease (CPD). Forty-five patients were selected: 15 heavy smokers whose daily tobacco consumption was more than 10 cigarettes/day (HS), 15 light smokers whose daily tobacco consumption was fewer than 10 cigarettes/day (LS), and 15 non-smokers who had never smoked tobacco (NS). Clinical periodontal parameters (plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), and clinical attachment level (CAL)) were recorded for all groups. Each group was separated in both sites: G and CPD, and GCF samples were collected, and analyzed for PGE 2 content by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results indicated that the non-smoking group had higher PI (88.53±17.08%) and BOP (82.80±17.14%) scores than the two smoking groups. PD, GR and CAL scores did not differ significantly among the three groups. Statistically significance differences in GCF-PGE 2 were found among G versus CPD sites (P≤0.05) for the three groups. This study confirms that heavy and light smokers have less BOP and GCF-PGE 2 levels than non-smokers and that the GCF-PGE 2 was higher to CPD sites when compared with G sites.

The aim of this study was to evaluate if lidocaine 2% with 1:100.000 epinephrine, used as subgingival irrigation, has anti-inflammatory effect after periodontal therapy. Seventeen patients were selected to this paired split mouth randomized, subject-blind study. Each patient had a minimum of two sites labeled and alleatory separated, both with probe depth ≥ 5 mm. Each site were separated in two groups: scaling and root planing + lidocaine 2% with 1:100.000 epinephrine used as subgingival irrigation (LD); and scaling and root planing + saline solution (SRP), both groups were blinded to the examiner. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded: plaque index (PI), bleeding on probe (BOP), probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Levels of GCF-PGE 2 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent. All parameters were recorded at baseline (1 and 3 months) after periodontal treatment. The results indicated reduction of PI, BOP, PD, CAL for LD and SRP groups and GCF-PGE 2 levels were reduced in LD group after 3 months periodontal therapy. The LD and SRP groups were equally efficacious to control the periodontal disease after 3 months. However, LD improved the reduction of PGE 2 levels and maintains the inhibitory anti-inflammatory effect on PGE 2 after 3 months of periodontal treatment.