Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a common chorioretinal disorder. It has been postulated that impaired retinal pigment epithelium and hyperpermeability of the choriocapillaris may be involved in the development of CSC, but the exact pathomechanism has not been established. We report an unusual case of a middle-aged man who developed CSC after triamcinolone acetonide injection for macular edema. Edema developed as a late complication of radiation retinopathy after brachytherapy for childhood retinoblastoma. Steroid treatment is an important risk factor for CSC, but the underlying causative mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. It is important to increase the awareness of this link among clinicians who prescribe exogenous corticosteroids, irrespective of the route of administration.

We report a unique case of coexisting pigmentary retinopathy and ocular toxoplasmosis in a young male patient. A 23-year-old man presented with sudden visual deterioration in the left eye (LE). The fundus findings revealed bone spicule-shaped pigment deposits, a slightly pale optic disc, arteriole constriction, cystoid macular edema with an epiretinal membrane, and two small inflammatory chorioretinal scars in the right eye, with a concentric narrowing of the visual field and a nonrecordable multifocal electroretinogram (ERG). An active inflammatory lesion at the border of a pre-existing chorioretinal scar in the macula was found in the LE, with a central scotoma in the visual field. Moreover, the patient tested positive for anti-Toxoplasma gondii immunoglobulin G antibodies and showed positive results in polymerase chain reaction testing of aqueous humor. Fluorescein angiography revealed hyperfluorescence in the early phase with fluorescein leakage. A multifocal ERG of the LE showed selective loss of responses from the central 10 degrees. Genetic testing revealed heterozygosity in the RP1 and CELSR1 genes. Our case illustrates challenges in the diagnosis of unilateral pigmentary retinopathy. Based on the typical toxoplasmic lesions in the LE and two scars likely caused by inflammation, our patient was diagnosed with pigmentary retinopathy probably related to toxoplasmosis. Genetic consultation did not confirm the diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa, but more advanced tests might be needed to definitively exclude it.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between lifestyle risk factors for myopia development and the prevalence of nearsightedness among young adults. Materials and Methods: The analysis included 1608 students of Cracow universities. An original questionnaire was distributed to the participants through the Internet or as a paper version. Respondents answered questions about their refractive defects, average time spent per day on: reading, using electronic devices, doing-sports and staying outdoors in daylight. We also asked them about taking care of good lighting conditions, and taking breaks during visual work at close range. Results: Our study shows the prevalence rate of vision defects, with myopia as the dominating one among Cracow's students (63%). Our study showed an association between higher myopia prevalence and longer time spent on near work. More time spent outdoors in daylight, physical activity, and taking breaks during close work were associated with a lower frequency of nearsightedness. Conclusion: There is a connection between some lifestyle behaviors and a higher prevalence of myopia. The development and progression of nearsightedness is a common occurrence among young adults. Abstrakt:Cel: Celem pracy była ocena zależności między czynnikami rozwoju krótkowzroczności związanymi ze stylem życia a częstością jej występowania wśród młodych dorosłych Materiały i metoda: Analizą objęto 1608 studentów krakowskich uczelni wyższych. Ankietowani otrzymali oryginalny kwestionariusz w formie papierowej lub elektronicznej. Respondenci odpowiadali na pytania dotyczące wad wzroku, czasu spędzanego dziennie na czytaniu, używaniu urządzeń elektronicznych, aktywności sportowej, przebywaniu w ciągu dnia poza pomieszczeniami. Ankietowani byli również pytani o jakość oświetlenia oraz przerwy podczas pracy wzrokowej z bliskiej odległości. Wyniki: W badaniu stwierdzono, że krótkowzroczność jest dominującą wadą wzroku u krakowskich studentów (63%). Badanie wykazało związek pomiędzy wyższą krótkowzrocznością a dłuższym czasem spędzanym przy pracy z bliska. Im dłuższy czas spędzany poza pomieszczeniami, na aktywności fizycznej, im częstsze przerwy przy pracy z bliskiej odległości tym mniejsza częstość wystąpienia krótkowzroczności. Wnioski: Istnieje związek pomiędzy stylem życia a wyższą częstością występowania krótkowzroczności. Słowa kluczowe:krótkowzroczność, styl życia, epidemiologia, młodzi dorośli. The authors declare no conflict of interest/ Autorzy zgłaszają brak konfliktu interesów w związku z publikowaną pracą PRACE ORYGINALNE focusing precisely on it. Myopia occurs if the eyeball is too long or the cornea has too much curvature. Therefore, a nearsighted person sees near objects clearly, while objects in the distance are blurred. Nearsightedness is the most common refractive er-https://doi.