Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria is a rare autosomal recessive disorder (OMIM #241530), characterized by decreased renal phosphate reabsorption that leads to hypophosphatemia, rickets, and bone pain; hypophosphatemia is believed to stimulate 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D synthesis which, in turn, results in hypercalciuria. Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria is caused by loss-of-function in the type 2c sodium phosphate cotransporter encoded by the SLC34A3 gene. This report shows a family with a non-previously identified mutation in the SLC34A3 gene and exhibiting mild and different manifestations of HHRH. The probandus had hypophosphatemia, elevated serum 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations, high serum alkaline phosphatase levels, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. The other members of the family presented some of these alterations: the mother, hypercalciuria and high 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations; the son, hypercalciuria, high 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D values and elevated alkaline phosphatases; the father, high alkaline phosphatases. The genetic analysis revealed the existence of a single mutation (G78R) in heterozygosis in the SLC34A3 gene in the probandus, her mother and her brother, but not in the father. These findings suggest that he mutation in heterozygosis likely gave rise to a mild phenotype with different penetrance in the three relatives and also indicates that the elevation of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D does not result from hypophosphatemia. Thus, this family raises some issues on the transmission and pathophysiology of hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria.
In this paper, we report the pharmacokinetics changes observed in seven children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). They received cyclosporine A (CsA) microemulsion 6 mg/kg/day and, one week later, they were admitted to perform a 12-h pharmacokinetic profile with eight time sample points. The pharmacokinetic profile was repeated at 24 weeks of treatment, when all patients achieved remission. Blood concentration against time curves were constructed for each patient at weeks 1 and 24 of CsA treatment. Peak concentrations (C (max)) and the time needed to reach peak concentrations (t (max)) were directly determined from these plots. The area under the curve (AUC) was estimated by the trapezoidal rule. There was a statistically significant difference of the AUC, trough levels, and t (max) between weeks 1 and 24, with a decrease of AUC from 5,211 ng*h/ml in week 1 to 3,289 ng*h/ml in week 24, the trough levels decreased from 157 ng/ml to 96 ng/ml, and the t (max) decreased from 1.85 h to 1.00 h. The higher CsA bioavailability during the nephrotic state has to be considered when managing patients, since the target AUC cannot be the same throughout the treatment.
Rapamycin, an immunosuppressant agent used in renal transplantation with antitumoral properties, has been reported to impair longitudinal growth in young individuals. As growth hormone (GH) can be used to treat growth retardation in transplanted children, we aimed this study to find out the effect of GH therapy in a model of young rat with growth retardation induced by rapamycin administration. Three groups of 4-week-old rats treated with vehicle (C), daily injections of rapamycin alone (RAPA) or in combination with GH (RGH) at pharmacological doses for 1 week were compared. GH treatment caused a 20% increase in both growth velocity and body length in RGH animals when compared with RAPA group. GH treatment did not increase circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor I, a systemic mediator of GH actions. Instead, GH promoted the maturation and hypertrophy of growth plate chondrocytes, an effect likely related to AKT and ERK1/2 mediated inactivation of GSK3β, increase of glycogen deposits and stabilization of β-catenin. Interestingly, GH did not interfere with the antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities of rapamycin in the growth plate and did not cause changes in chondrocyte autophagy markers. In summary, these findings indicate that GH administration improves longitudinal growth in rapamycin-treated rats by specifically acting on the process of growth plate chondrocyte hypertrophy but not by counteracting the effects of rapamycin on proliferation and angiogenesis.
Introducción: la enuresis es una enfermedad relativamente frecuente, multifactorial, que puede afectar significativamente la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus familias. Por esto, el personal de salud debe estar actualizado y entrenado en su identificación y correcto manejo. La Asociación Colombiana de Nefrología Pediátrica (ACONEPE) y la Sociedad Colombiana de Urología (SCU) aunaron esfuerzos para generar recomendaciones aplicables al contexto colombiano que puedan implementarse de manera práctica, integral y unificada en los diferentes niveles de atención médica a nivel nacional y regional.Objetivo: generar recomendaciones sobre la definición, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la enuresis monosintomática primaria en pacientes pediátricos, a partir de guías de práctica clínica.Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática de las guías de práctica clínica producidas entre el año 2010 y el 2 de diciembre del 2020, en las bases de datos Embase, Pubmed, Epistemonikos, grupos desarrolladores y compiladores de guías y ministerios de salud. La selección de la evidencia que soportó las recomendaciones se basó en los criterios definidos por el Ministerio de Salud y el Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud de Colombia. La calificación de las guías de práctica clínica (GPC) se realizó mediante la aplicación pareada de la herramienta Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) por un experto clínico y un experto metodológico. La información (recomendaciones) de las guías fue analizada por el grupo desarrollador, considerando la pertinencia de la recomendación para responder las preguntas, la vigencia y la implementabilidad en el contexto colombiano. Se formularon recomendaciones preliminares sometidas a la revisión y aprobación de un panel externo, inicialmente a través de una consulta virtual y posteriormente en una sesión formal de consenso. Se definió el acuerdo como la aprobación de, al menos, el 80 % de los expertos. La fuerza de las recomendaciones fue graduada como fuerte o condicional, considerando la calidad de la evidencia, la relación riesgo-beneficio, la equidad en el acceso y los costos asociados. Tanto el grupo desarrollador como el panel consultado declararon sus conflictos de interés.Resultados: a partir de tres GPC seleccionadas con calificación en AGREE en dominio 3 y 6 superior al 60 %, se formularon 54 recomendaciones distribuidas en las categorías de definición, diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de la enuresis monosintomática. El panel revisor estuvo conformado por siete expertos en el tema. Las recomendaciones fueron aprobadas con puntuaciones entre 85.7 % y 100 %.Conclusiones: las recomendaciones propuestas y avaladas por expertos en el tema permitirán orientar la toma de decisiones clínicas respecto a la atención de pacientes con enuresis monosintomática, garantizando un cuidado centrado en las personas, con altos estándares de calidad, y la generación de políticas de seguridad, salud y bienestar para los equipos multidisciplinarios de atención.
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