Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of individual antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to develop sustainable strategies combatting this threat. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to analyse ARGs in 757 sewage samples from 243 cities in 101 countries, collected from 2016 to 2019. We find regional patterns in resistomes, and these differ between subsets corresponding to drug classes and are partly driven by taxonomic variation. The genetic environments of 49 common ARGs are highly diverse, with most common ARGs carried by multiple distinct genomic contexts globally and sometimes on plasmids. Analysis of flanking sequence revealed ARG-specific patterns of dispersal limitation and global transmission. Our data furthermore suggest certain geographies are more prone to transmission events and should receive additional attention.

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Aim of study: This study evaluated the effect of the application of liquid aerobic treated manure (continuous liquid composting, CLC) on physical, chemical and biological soil properties, with the objective of monitoring changes induced by soil management with CLC as a biofertilizer.Area of study: Colonia, Uruguay (lat. 34,338164 S, long. 57,222630 W).Material and methods: Soil’s chemical properties, including nitrogen mineralization potential (NMP) and 15 microbiological properties (microbial biomass carbon, MBC; mesophylic aerobic bacteria; actinobacteria; filamentus fungi; fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis; dehydrogenase; with NMP; acid and alkaline phosphatase; cellulolose degraders; P-solubilizing bacteria; nitrifying; denitrifying and free-living N-fixing microorganisms; glomalin; and soil-pathogenicity index, SPI) were evaluated in two sites with similar cropping history, with one and three years of respective CLC application.Main results: CLC application had significant effects on soil microbial biomass (p<0.05), soil enzyme (p<0.1) and functional groups activity (p<0.05). SPI decreased in both sites with CLC application. No significant variations were detected for the chemical variables, with the exception of NMP, which was significantly high (p<0.05) in soil treated with CLC at both sites.Research highlights: The improved biological soil properties analyzed (MBC, soil enzyme activities and SPI, together with NMP) emerged as reasonable indicators to assess and monitor the effects of CLC application.

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) produce cancro cítrico en todas las especies cítricas comerciales. La bacteria puede diseminarse mediante material vegetal de propagación contaminado y asintomático. Con el objetivo de optimizar técnicas de detección de bacterias para el análisis de rutina de material vegetal cítrico asintomático, se compararon las técnicas ELISA, Inmunoflorescencia, PCR, qRT_PCR e inoculación en plantas indicadoras (bioensayo). Las pruebas se realizaron a partir de diluciones al décimo entre 108 ufc.mL-1 y 102 ufc.mL-1 de un cultivo puro de cepa 49b. El nivel de detección obtenido fue de 1,8 x 102 ufc. mL-1 utilizando inmunoflorescencia, 1,8x104 ufc.mL-1 con ELISA indirecto, 1,8x103 ufc. mL-1 mediante la técnica de PCR, 10 ufc. mL-1 a través de qRT_PCR, y 230 ufc.mL -1 en plantas inoculadas de naranjo amargo. En base a estos resultados y teniendo en cuenta que para el análisis masivo de muestras es importante además de la sensibilidad, el costo y la practicidad, las técnicas de PCR e inoculación en plantas hospedero fueron las que reunieron las mejores características para ser evaluadas en material vegetal asintomático.