In Experiment 1, 15 skilled and 15 less skilled participants performed 1-handed catching in 4 conditions. For both groups, catching performance deteriorated significantly when no visual information was available for 40 ms between 20-ms visual samples (20/40) and continued to decline with subsequent increases in the duration between visual samples (i.e., 20/80 and 20/120). In Experiment 2, 50 participants performed a pretest and a posttest in a 20/80 condition, separated by 4 blocks of practice (N=80). Participants who practiced with intermittent vision (20/40, 20/80, and 20/120) exhibited a significant improvement between pretest and posttest. Although general practice with intermittent vision enabled some adaptation, posttest performance did not equal performance in the 1st block of continuous vision.
Resumen: En el presente artículo se discuten tres corrientes teóricas alternativas al cognitivismo, para explicar el desarrollo hacia la pericia en el ámbito del aprendizaje y del control motor en deporte, haciendo especial énfasis en el enactivismo. En la primera parte se tratan las principales nociones de la psicología ecológica, como la regulación del movimiento, la percepción directa o la reciprocidad entre percepción y acción. A continuación se explican las principales aportaciones de la teoría de los sistemas dinámicos a la comprensión de la coordinación del movimiento, de la emergencia de la motricidad y de la interacción de las diferentes variables o restricciones. En el siguiente apartado, se expone el enfoque enactivo como una extensión conceptual proveniente de las ciencias cognitivas y que trasciende a los otros paradigmas. Desde esta orientación, se aboga por una fusión entre el cuerpo y la mente del deportista que es indisociable al medio ambiente y que se opone al dualismo y reduccionismo imperante. Por último, se presentan algunas directrices y aplicaciones de investigaciones enactivas que en la actualidad están en pleno desarrollo. Palabras clave: Enactivismo; cognición; acoplamiento informaciónmovimiento; post-cognitivismo; deporte; pericia.
The authors investigated the integration of alternate disparate monocular inputs for binocular perception in 1-handed catching experiments (N = 14, 32, 22, and 15 participants, respectively in Experiments 1-4). They varied the no-vision interval between alternate monocular samples to measure catching performance, and they compared the alternating monocular conditions with binocular and monocular conditions with equal no-vision intervals. They found no evidence of a binocular advantage for one-handed catching in the alternating monocular conditions. Performance in monocular and alternating monocular conditions did not differ across no-vision intervals ranging from 0-80 ms and was particularly worse than performance in binocular viewing conditions when the no-vision interval was 40 ms or more. The authors argue that the dissimilarity between disparate monocular inputs created by the approaching object limited the integration of those inputs and subsequent binocular perception.
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