Phytopathogenic bacteria are one of the most significant causes of crop yield losses. Until now, the direct treatment of bacterioses was limited to the application of antibacterial compounds or resistance inducers. This is about to change due to the revolutionary discovery of phages. Indeed, bacteriophages look very promising as therapy agents: cheap, self-amplifying, self-eliminating, and safe for the host organism. However, phage therapy of plant diseases remains a “direction with high potential”, which, so far, has very few successful implication cases. Here, we discuss recent advances in phage research, focusing on the challenges associated with the evaluation of phage biological activity, under both laboratory and environmental conditions.
Pseudomonas syringae is a bacterial pathogen that causes yield losses in various economically important plant species. At the same time, P. syringae pv. tomato (Pst) is one of the best-studied bacterial phytopathogens and a popular model organism. In this study, we report on the isolation of two phages from the market-bought pepper fruit showing symptoms of bacterial speck. These Pseudomonas phages were named Eir4 and Eisa9 and characterized using traditional microbiological methods and whole-genome sequencing followed by various bioinformatics approaches. Both of the isolated phages were capable only of the lytic life cycle and were efficient against several pathovars from Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas genera. With the combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) virion morphology inspection and comparative genomics analyses, both of the phages were classified as members of the Autographiviridae family with different degrees of novelty within the known phage diversity. Eir4, but not Eisa9, phage application significantly decreased the propagation of Pst in the leaf tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. The biological properties of Eir4 phage allow us to propose it as a potential biocontrol agent for use in the prevention of Pst-associated bacterioses and also as a model organism for the future research of mechanisms of phage–host interactions in different plant systems.
Aim: Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria is one of the most discussed and important theme in healthcare field now. Bacteriophages are known as the most promising alternative to antibiotics and a method of fighting the multi-resistant pathogens. In this study, our main aim was to isolate lytic specific phages of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of the most dangerous bacterial human pathogens. Methods: Disk-diffusion method, spot-test, agar overlay method, electron microscopy. Results: Antimicrobial resistance range of P. aeruginosa 458 strain was tested and it appeared to be resistant to all available antibiotics. Phages were isolated from waste waters in Kyiv. They appeared to have a typical morphology of Myoviridae family. Isolated viruses successfully lysed all the bacteria in vitro. Conclusions: Considering high effectiveness of isolated phage in vitro, we propose it as a candidate for phage therapy, though further studies on physical and genetic characteristics are required.
Національний юридичний університет імені Ярослава Мудрого ДО ПИТАННЯ ПРО СУДОВУ ПРАКТИКУ РОЗГЛЯДУ ПОДАТКОВИХ СПОРІВ ЩОДО СПЛАТИ ЄДИНОГО ВНЕСКУ ПРИ ЗУПИНЕННІ ПРАВА НА ЗАНЯТТЯ АДВОКАТСЬКОЮ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЮ Анотація. Стаття присвячена розгляду практичних аспектів сплати єдиного внеску при зупиненні права на заняття адвокатською діяльністю. Встановлено, що законодавством не передбачено можливості звільнення від сплати єдиного внеску у зв'язку із зупиненням такої діяльності. Досліджено умови, необхідні для сплати адвокатом єдиного внеску. Проаналізовано практику національних судів з розгляду податкових спорів щодо даних правовідносин, а також практику Європейського суду з прав людини. Виявлено, що такі спори виникають внаслідок різного тлумачення сторонами правил сплати єдиного внеску. Встановлено, що застосування до даних правовідносин норм чинного законодавства, які регулюють припинення адвокатської діяльності, є помилковим з огляду на те, що під час зупинення адвокатської діяльності особа не лише її не здійснює, але і не отримує від неї доходу. Ключові слова: єдиний внесок, зупинення адвокатської діяльності, самозайнята особа, платник податку, дохід.
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