Resumo No Brasil, a pandemia da COVID-19 tem sido severa nos estados das regiões mais pobres, como o Nordeste. A falta de políticas nacionais para controle da pandemia levou as autoridades estaduais e municipais a implementarem medidas de saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo é mostrar o efeito dessas medidas na epidemia. A maior incidência da COVID-19 entre os nove estados do Nordeste foi registrada em Sergipe, Paraíba e Ceará. O Piauí, a Paraíba e Ceará foram os que mais testaram. Muitos estados apresentavam alta proporção de pessoas em trabalho informal. Estados com aeroportos internacionais tiveram importante papel na entrada e disseminação inicial do vírus, em especial o Ceará. Todos os estados aplicaram medidas de distanciamento social, proibição de eventos públicos e fechamento de unidades de ensino. As respostas foram o aumento significativo de distanciamento social, em especial Ceará e Pernambuco, a queda do número de reprodução (Rt) e a separação da curva dos casos observados da curva dos casos esperados sem as intervenções não medicamentosas em todos os estados. A pobreza, a desigualdade e as altas taxas de trabalho informal fornecem pistas do porquê da intensidade da COVID-19 na região. Por outro lado, as medidas de mitigação tomadas precocemente pelos governantes amenizaram os efeitos da pandemia.
Este trabalho objetiva analisar a (in)segurança alimentar domiciliar sob o olhar da interseccionalidade. Para isso, foram analisados 14.713 domicílios, utilizando-se um questionário estruturado e a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar, além dos dados do estudo transversal Qualidade do Ambiente Urbano de Salvador - QUALISalvador, realizado entre 2018 e 2020 em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. A variável desfecho foi a situação de segurança alimentar (insegurança alimentar leve, moderada ou grave) e a variável exposição de interesse foi o cruzamento de raça/cor e sexo autodeclarado (homem branco, mulher branca, homem negro, mulher negra). Modelos de regressão logística multinominal foram usados para estimar a associação entre a exposição de interesse e o desfecho, ajustada a partir de questões socioeconômicas estratificadas segundo escolaridade e renda familiar per capita. Diante disso, concluiu-se que domicílios chefiados por mulheres negras apresentaram maior chance de insegurança alimentar leve (OR = 1,39; IC95%: 1,15-1,68; p = 0,001) e moderada ou grave (OR = 1,94; IC95%: 1,49-2,52; p < 0,001) em relação aos domicílios chefiados por homens brancos, além de maior chance de insegurança alimentar moderada ou grave em todos os níveis de escolaridade e nas faixas de até 1/2 salário mínimo e > 1 salário mínimo. Quando os responsáveis foram homens negros, a maior chance se apresentou na faixa > 1 salário mínimo. A insegurança alimentar nos domicílios chefiados por mulheres negras, mesmo em condições socioeconomicamente favoráveis, revela-se como uma das consequências da interação estrutural do racismo e do sexismo.
Background Little is known about physical development of children with Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). This study aims to evaluate the anthropometric characteristics of children with CZS up to 12 months. Methods This is a cross-sectional study developed with 46 children with CZS living in Bahia. We used the Public Health Events Register, Live Births Information System and Childcare Records of Primary Health Care Services. Descriptive analysis was performed by distributing absolute and relative frequencies and median and interquartile range. The Weight/Age (W/A), Length/Age (L/A), Weight/Length (W/L) and Head Circumference/Age (HC/A) indexes were calculated for each month and expressed in z-score values, and the results were evaluated individually and by group average. Values between ≥ − 2 and ≤ 2 standard deviations were used as reference. T-Student and Spearman’s Correlation Tests were applied to verify the existence of any relationship between maternal and children’s variables with the anthropometric indexes weight/age and height/age at birth and at 3, 6 and 12 months of age. Results The studied children had high proportions of low birth weight (23.9%), dysphagia (56.8%) and seizures (53.5%). The mean z-score for the HC/A index at birth was − 3.20 and remained below − 3 z-scores throughout the assessed period. The analysis of the indices equivalent to every single child’s anthropometric measurement showed a deficit in 20.4% of the W/A, 39.1% of the L/A, 9.2% of the W/L and 85.7% of the HC/A measurements. Distribution of the mean values of these anthropometric indices revealed a risk of delayed stature growth (L/A < -1 z-score). There was a statistically significant association between L/A at 12 months and dysphagia (p = 0.0148) and a positive correlation between breastfeeding time and W/A. No statistically significant correlation was found between any other tested variables. Conclusions We observed a deficit in the HC/A index, which is a common feature in CZS, but also a high proportion of W/A and L/A deficit. The average group z-score highlighted the risk of delay in stature growth for age, which calls attention to the need for health interventions, as this condition exposes them to a higher risk of morbidity and mortality.
Objective: to investigate the shifts and factors associated with different scenarios resulting from the prevalence of child stunting and overweight in Brazilian municipalities. Design: This is an ecological study using municipality-level panel data of stunting and overweight prevalence and socioeconomic characteristics from 2008 to 2014. The municipalities were classified according to the WHO-UNICEF prevalence thresholds for stunting and overweight, and were categorized into four nutritional scenarios: no burden (prevalence of stunting <20% and overweight <10%), stunting burden (prevalence of stunting ≥20% and overweight <10%), overweight burden (prevalence of stunting <20% and overweight ≥10%), and double burden (prevalence of stunting ≥20% and overweight ≥10%). Setting: 4,443 Brazilian municipalities. Participants: Aggregated data of children under 5 years old enrolled in the Brazil’s conditional cash transfer program (Bolsa Família). Results: A mean reduction from 14.2% to 12.7% in the prevalence of stunting and an increase from 17.2% to 18.4% in the prevalence of overweight were observed. The predominant scenarios were overweight burden and double burden. The odds of both scenarios increased with higher GDP per capita and decreased with higher unemployment rates. Stunting and double burden decreased with higher expected years of schooling, and stunting burden increased with household crowding. Conclusion: Our findings indicate an advanced nutrition transition stage in Brazil, associated mainly with municipal GDP per capita growth, which has contributed to increasing the burden of overweight alone or coexisting with stunting (double burden) among children in the most socioeconomically vulnerable strata of the population.
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