Published in: Applied EnergyLink to article, DOI: 10.1016DOI: 10. /j.apenergy.2016 Publication date: 2016
Document VersionPeer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Dominkovic, D. F., Baekovi, I., osi, B., Krajai, G., Pukšec, T., Dui, N., & Markovska, N. (2016 features, various climates and significant differences in gross domestic product per capita, so the 39 integration of their energy systems is considered to be a challenging task. Large differences 40 between energy mixes, still largely dominated by fossil-fuel consumption, make this task even more 41
demanding. 42This paper presents the transition steps to a 100 % renewable energy system which need to be 43 carried out until the year 2050 in order to achieve zero carbon energy society. Novelty of this paper 44 compared to other papers with similar research goals is the assumed sustainable use of biomass in 45 the 100% renewable energy system of the region considered. It is important to emphasize here that 46 only the sustainable use of biomass can be considered carbon-neutral. The resulting biomass 47 consumption of the model was 725.94 PJ for the entire region, which is in line with the biomass 48 potential of the region. Modelling the zero-carbon energy system was carried out using the smart 49 energy system concept, together with its main integration pillars, i.e. power-to-heat and power-to-50 gas technologies. The resulting power generation mix shows that a wide variety of energy sources 51 need to be utilized and no single energy source has more than a 30 % share, which also increases 52 the security of supply. Wind turbines and photovoltaics are the main technologies with shares of 53 28.9 % and 22.5 %, followed by hydro power, concentrated solar power, biomass (mainly used in 54 cogeneration units) and geothermal energy sources. To keep the biomass consumption within the 55 sustainability limits, there is a need for some type of synthetic fuel in the transportation sector. 56Nevertheless, achieving 100 % renewable energy system also promises to be financially beneficial, 57 as the total calculated annual socio-economic cost of the region is approximately 20 billion euros 58 lower in the year 2050 than in the base year. Finally, energy efficiency measures will play an 59 important role in the transition to the zero-carbon energy society: the model shows that primary 60 energy supply will be 50.9 % lower than in the base year. 61Keywords: smart energy system; renewable energy system; zero carbon; South East Europe; 62 sustainable biomass; energy efficiency 63 64
