In the new Mexican rural economy, unfavorable market conditions for agricultural products and the lack of support to small-scale productive activities act as incentives to cease operations and leave for the city, or even the U.S. Why is it becoming increasingly difficult for smallholders to live off agricultural production in Mexico? In attempting to answer this question, the impacts of NAFTA and trade liberalization on the capacity of small Mexican producers to market their crops cannot be ignored. Nevertheless, the opening up of the Mexican economy since 1982 is not solely to blame for the hardships they experience. Mexican rural socio-economic marginalization will be explored as it relates to a differentiated access to productive resources. Results of an inquiry in the state of Querétaro, central Mexico, provide insight into the asset portfolios of rural households and the life options and economic strategies of their members. Among these strategies are a growing agricultural disintensification and a diversification of rural household economic activities, including a new dependence on migration remittances. En la nueva economía rural mexicana, las condiciones de mercado desfavorables tal como la falta de apoyo a las actividades productivas de pequeña escala en el campo son motivaciones para los minifundistas para emprender migraciones hacia la ciudad o los EE.UU. ¿Porque se está volviendo cada vez más difícil vivir de la pequeña producción agrícola en México? No se pueden ignorar los impactos negativos del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) (1994) sobre la capacidad de los pequeños productores para comercializar sus cosechas. Sin embargo, la apertura de la economía mexicana a partir de 1982 no es la única responsable de las privaciones experimentadas por muchos de los minifundistas. La estructura de la marginalización socioeconómica rural mexicana será analizada en cuanto a su vínculo con el acceso a los recursos productivos agrícolas. Los resultados de una encuesta en el estado de Querétaro, en el centro de México, presentan carpetas de recursos de los hogares rurales e opciones de vida como estrategias económicas de sus integrantes. Dentro de esas estrategias se encuentran la desintensificación agrícola y una creciente diversificación de las actividades económicas, incluyendo una nueva dependencia sobre las remesas.

Resume. Depuis 1' ouverture des marches et la dereglementation commerciale a l'echelle mondiale, de nouvelles opportunites de mise en marche ont emerge pour les producteurs agricoles mexicains, notamment dans les secteurs de !'horticulture et du maYs, ce demier faisant l'objet d'une demande croissante de la part des usines americaines de production d'ethanol. Parmi les strategies deployees par l'Etat mexicain pour s'inserer dans l'economie mondiale, on retrouve les politiques agricoles qui encouragent 1' exportation et le developpement de la competitivite des unites productives. Cependant, plusieurs petits producteurs agricoles, connaissant les soubresauts des marches, se retrouvent dans une situation precaire et ne sont pas en mesure de faire les investissements necessaires pour devenir competitifs. Le secteur social mexicain se trouve confronte au dilemme de continuer a cultiver la terre-sans par ailleurs pouvoir en vivre-ou d'abandonner 1 'agriculture et migrer vers la ville ou 1 'etranger. Dans cet article, nous proposons une troisieme voie, celle de la gouvemance rurale, a l'echelle des communautes, realisable grace a !'education rurale pragmatique, la participation sociale, un meilleur contr6le des paysans sur les moyens de production, la valorisation des produits locaux et du mode de vie paysan et la complexification des systemes productifs.Abstract. Since the beginning of trade liberalization and deregulation of the Mexican agricultural sector, new farming business opportunities, such as export-oriented horticulture, as well as com production to supply U.S. ethanol production plants, have arisen for Mexican farmers. Among the strategies de-

Objectives The Quebec Public Health Institute (INSPQ) was mandated to develop an automated tool for detecting space-time COVID-19 case clusters to assist regional public health authorities in identifying situations that require public health interventions. This article aims to describe the methodology used and to document the main outcomes achieved. Methods New COVID-19 cases are supplied by the “Trajectoire de santé publique” information system, geolocated to civic addresses and then aggregated by day and dissemination area. To target community-level clusters, cases identified as residents of congregate living settings are excluded from the cluster detection analysis. Detection is performed using the space-time scan statistic and Poisson statistical model, and implemented in the SaTScan software. Information on detected clusters is disseminated daily via an online interactive mapping interface. Results The number of clusters detected tracked with the number of new cases. Slightly more than 4900 statistically significant (p ≤ 0.01) space-time clusters were detected over 14 health regions from May to October 2020. The Montréal region was the most affected. Conclusion Considering the objective of timely cluster detection, the use of near-real-time health surveillance data of varying quality over time and by region constitutes an acceptable compromise between timeliness and data quality. This tool serves to supplement the epidemiologic investigations carried out by regional public health authorities for purposes of COVID-19 management and prevention.

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