Biomarkers should have high sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, be cost-effective, and provide incremental predictive or diagnostic utility over standard risk factors or tests. Despite numerous studies investigating biomarkers in heart failure (HF), there are only a few that predict HF in hypertensive patients. This article summarizes data from numerous studies concerning possible biomarkers of HF in hypertensive patients such as: serum uric acid (SUA), interleukins, monocyte chemoattractant protein one (MCP-1), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (PICP), type I collagen telopeptide (CITP) and N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP), metalloproteinases (MMPs), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its derivatives, glycoprotein CA125 and cystatin C. Early detection of patients of increased risk of hypertensive heart disease may result in early implementation of effective preventive strategies. Therefore, there is need to identify newer biomarkers, if they can improve risk prediction, identifying patients, in which earlier or more aggressive intervention will improve clinical outcomes.

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The findings suggest that persons with SCI consume much less than the recommended guidelines for daily vitamin D intake. However, a higher dietary intake of vitamin D may influence total cholesterol and carbohydrate profile as demonstrated by a significant decrease in total cholesterol and improvement in glucose homeostasis independent of body composition changes after SCI.

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