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Objective: To determine the correlation between disease severity and changes in basic hematological parameters in cases of Covid 19 in a tertiary care center.Methodology: This Cross Sectional analytical study was done in Khyber Teaching Hospital from March to June 2020 . Covid-19 cases diagnosed by nasal swab PCR were included in the study. Clinical features were noted by Doctor on duty and Complete blood count was done. Data was analysed by SPSS . Mean and standard deviation were used for quantitative data. Frequency and percentages were used for qualitative data. Shapiro Wilk’s test was done to find normality of the data. Point biserial correlation test was applied to determine association between continuous and dichotomous variables.Levels of hemoglobin leukocyte count and platelet counts in severe cases were shown by box plots.Results: Mean age of 101 cases of Covid-19 was 56±15.7 years. Male to female ratio was 1.5:1. The commonest clinical features were generalized body aches and fever, seen in 53(52.5%) and 48(47.5%) cases respectively. 36 (35.6%) cases were serious and needed ventilatory support. In serious cases, hemoglobin and platelet count were normal in most cases i.e 16(44.4%) and 30(83.3%) respectively, while the leukocyte count was increased in 26 (72%). There was no association between the severity of disease and basic hematological parameters. Conclusion: Leukocyte count is high in cases of Covid-19. There is no significant correlation between severity level and hemoglobin and platelet count. The raised total leukocyte count is associated with severe disease in Covid19.

Objectives: To determine the pattern of histological findings in prostatic chips obtained from cases of enlarged prostate gland and to correlate the findings with PSA levels. Materials and Methods: It was a cross sectional descriptive study conducted in Northwest General Hospital , Peshawar from 1st January 2018 to 23rd December 2021. A total of 500 male cases with features of enlarged prostate, frequency, urgency and dribbling with mean age of 52 ± 12.3 years (range 45 -80 years) were included in the study. The prostatic biopsy specimens were obtained and PSA levels were done in all cases. The histological specimens were subjected to microscopic examinations and findings were recorded in proforma. The findings were correlated with the PSA levels. Mean and standard deviation were used for quantitative data. Frequency and percentages were used for qualitative data Results: Out of 500 cases of enlarged prostate, benign prostate hypertrophy was seen in 375 (75%) cases. 125 cases (25%) had micro invasive carcinoma prostate . All 375 cases of benign prostate hypertrophy had prostate specific antigen levels less than 4ng. Out of 125 cases of micro invasive carcinoma, 120 (96%) had PSA levels >10ng . Sensitivity of PSA at levels of 10ng/ml for prostatic carcinoma was 96%. Conclusion: Benign prostate hypertrophy is the commonest lesion in cases of prostate pathology. PSA is useful marker to determine the presence or absence of micro invasive carcinoma in patients with prostate hypertrophy. Keywords: Benign prostate hypertrophy, micro invasive carcinoma prostate, prostate specific antigen.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is the most important public health issue affecting about 10% of the world adult population. Objective: To assess the frequency of Hepatitis C Virus in chronic kidney disease patients on regular hemodialysis at tertiary care hospital, Peshawar Methodology: This was descriptive cross sectional study, carried out at the Medicine department, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar for one year duration from December 2020 to December 2021. A total of 211 patients were observed in our study. All the data was statistically analyzed by using SPSS 23. Results: In our study, there were 140 (66.4%) male patients while female patients were 71(33.6%). Based on duration of illness, 149(70.6%) patients were in illness duration of 1-2 years while 62(29.4%) patients were observed in illness duration of more than 2 years (Table 1). The overall frequency of Hepatitis C virus was 68(32.2%) in patients with chronic kidney disease on regular hemodialysis Conclusion: In hospitalized CKD patients, the occurrence of hepatitis C ELISA antibody is considerably higher. To avoid hepatitis C infection spread, rigorous global infection control strategies must be applied in nephrology units. More research is required to evaluate whether detecting and treating hepatitis C in CKD patients reduces death rates or delays advancement to end-stage renal disease. Key words Hepatitis C Virus; Chronic kidney disease; Hemodialysis

Hepatitis B and C co-infection may leads to cirrhosis resulting in hepatocellular carcinoma with poorer survival rate. Pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment is considered as gold standard. Despite of adequate treatment, some patients remained nonresponders. Due to this reason, this study was designed to compare different parameters of liver function tests along with HBV- HCV genotyping in non-responders of HBV-HCV co-infection with normal controls. Study population was divided in two groups. Group A (patient group) includes 30 HBV-HCV co-infected patients and Group B (control group).includes 30 normal individuals. Blood samples of both groups were collected. Samples were analyzed for HBV and HCV genotyping using automated kits of Abbott laboratories and Liver Functions testing (ALT, ALP, Bilirubin, Albumin) using ROCHE COBAS-501 automated system. Statistical analysis using chi-square test for ordinal data and t-test for numerical data was used using p value. Key words: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Viral infection, Viral resistant, Biochemical test, genotyping in retroviruses infected patients