Background: Dental caries is a widely prevalent disease, burdening billions of individuals and causing significant healthcare costs. The treatment of deep carious lesions approaching a healthy pulp presents a significant challenge to the practitioner. The traditional management of carious lesions indicates the removal of all infected and affected dentin providing intact tissues for the restoration that carried risks exposing or even breaching the pulp, to minimize that risk alternative concepts of caries removal provided such Stepwise technique and Partial caries excavation technique. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of the partial caries removal technique by analyzing previous literatures discussing the management of deep carious lesions in permanent and primary teeth. The data were collected from five randomized control trails, four systematic reviews, one critical review and two retrospective studies that comparing between partial caries removal and other techniques in deep carious lesions management and the clinical and radiographical outcome of this technique and also the survival of restorations and the risk factors associated with the partial caries removal. Results: Partial caries removal is preferable to complete caries removal in the deep lesion to reduce the risk of carious exposure. There is no need to reopen a cavity and perform a second excavation for pulp vitality to be preserved. There was no adverse events relating to soft demineralized dentin left on the pulpal wall of the cavity were observed ,making partial caries removal advantageous, particularly in the treatment of caries in proximity to the pulp. Partial caries removal restorations showed high rates of clinical and radiographical and the failure due to patient related factors such as high caries rate. Conclusion: With the limitation of the study, the partial caries removal technique show high success rate both clinical and radiographical. It's reduced the incidence of pulp exposure and preserves tooth vitality. Partial caries removal can be considered as a treatment option in deep carious lesion management in primary and permanent teeth.

No abstract

Many studies have explained temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sounds in children are frequent with TMJ disorder. In addition to multiple divergent findings are designed to evaluate the relationship between bruxism and TMJ disorder in children. Aim: study was designed and conducted to assess the possible relationship between bruxism and joint sounds in schoolchildren. Subjects and Methods: The sample comprised 60 schoolchildren participants between 6 to 10 years of age, of whom 30 children with bruxism as study group G1 and another 30 without bruxism as a control group G2 who were scheduled and randomly selected for treatment at (Outpatient Dental Clinics, Zagazig University Hospital). Examiner performed assessment who was blinded allocation of the groups. Assessment involved of (manual palpation, lateral and dorsal extra-auricular auscultation of TMJ by stethoscope for detecting of joint sounds, differentiating between joint sounds as a click/pop or crepitation) Three readings were performed on each participant. Collected data were checked, entered and statistically analyzed to test different variables by chi-square test with the level of significance (p< 0.05). Results: There were statistically significant association between joint sounds with regarding to bruxism and age, which showed the higher prevalence rates of joint sounds were found in children aged eight to ten years in comparison to those aged sex and seven years. However, there were statistically insignificant association between joints sounds and type in relation to gender. Conclusion: The bruxism in children may be associated with the symptoms of joint sounds with significant association regarding to age. Keywords: Bruxism; Temporomandibular Joint; Child; bruxism; TMJ sound

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a collective term, characterized by symptoms involving muscles of mastication, TMJ and orofacial structures resulting from a dysfunction of the stomatognathic system. Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) which considered the major cause of non-dental facial pain, involve a wide range of symptoms in masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joints (TMJ). Diagnosis is usually delayed due to the multifactorial etiology, and the lack of assessment devices and parameters. The Low-Level Laser LLLT is a noninvasive, quick and safe, non-pharmaceutical intervention that may be beneficial for patients with TMDs. However, the clinical efficiency of LLLT in the treatment of this kind of disorders is controversial. Low-level laser is considered a phototherapeutic alternative method, like the low-level laser, as an effective source for stimulating the anti-pain signals in the tissues due to their low-level waves and energies. The low-level lasers might cause the increased beta-endorphin content, decreased both bradykinin and histamine levels, and increased lymphatic flow to decreased inflammatory factors and the decreased pain-related factors. Conclusion: This review suggests that LLLT effectively relieves pain and improves functional outcomes in patients with TMD.

Bleeding disorders remain an enigma to the dentist's world over. The dental treatment of patients with bleeding disorders has been widely discussed in the literature with the aim of developing safe dental procedures. They not only challenge the skills of dental specialists but also raise the question of how these individuals should be managed emotionally as well as psychologically. The high incidence of dental problems is inducing bleeding during treatment which can even be life threatening in certain cases. With proper care, diligence and meticulous treatment planning, there is no dental treatment that cannot be performed in such patients. Mild bleeding disorder patients can be easily managed and can effectively undergo even surgical endodontic, however, severe bleeding disorder condition can pose significant health hazard and needs thorough preparation to meet any exigencies arising during the treatment. The majority of literature recommends how to deal with bleeding disorder patients in different cases during endodontic treatment.