This study was conducted at Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Pakistan during 2016-2017 as a term paper for Master of Philosophy. The data regarding water pollution and human health was obtained and compiled through a thorough review of various published research articles of international reputed journal and relevant books. Water covers about 70% Earth's surface. Safe drinking water is a basic need for all humans. The WHO reports that 80% diseases are waterborne. Industrialization, discharge of domestic waste, radioactive waste, population growth, excessive use of pesticides, fertilizers and leakage from water tanks are major sources of water pollution. These wastes have negative effects on human health. Different chemicals have different affects depending on their locations and kinds. Bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases like typhoid, cholera, encephalitis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis, skin infection and gastrointestinal are spreading through polluted water. It is recommended to examine the water quality on regular basis to avoid its destructive effects on human health. Domestic and agriculture waste should not be disposed of without treating. AbstractWater pollution and human health.

This study was conducted at University of Gujrat during 2017 to 2018 as a term paper for Master of Philosophy. The data regarding use of Insects as Biological Weapons was reviewed and compiled as a review paper from various published articles of international reputed journals annual/environmental reports of recognized organization and e-books. Use of entomological weapons is a wide field of research. Insects were used as biological weapons from ancient times and this concept is very old. Different insects can be used for this purpose by different ways.

Objective: To find out the level of physical activity in elderly population. Methods: a cross- sectional survey was conducted in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The sample size of the study was n=165 elders who fulfill the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Non-probability convenience sampling was used in order to collect data from the respondents. To explore physical activity Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) questionnaire was filled by the respondents. The results of study are presented as frequency, percentages; mean±SD. SPSS ver. 21 was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 26(15.76%) elderly population were sedentary, 24(14.55%) were under active-perform light to moderate activities but not every week , 58(35.15%) were under active, 31(18.79%) were also under active and perform moderate physical activities every week, 21(12.73%) were active and perform moderate physical activities>30 minutes/day, 5 or more days a week and only 2(1.21%) were active and perform vigorous physical activities >20 minutes/day, 3 or more days a week. Conclusion: The result indicates that majority of geriatric population was under active. The elderly population who had sedentary lifestyle and who were active had the same prevalence. Keywords: Elderly population, physical activity, sedentary

Objective: This research study aimed to find out the association between physical activity and urinary incontinence in elderly population. Methods: A cross-sectional correlation study design was conducted with n=161 elderly male and female subjects with age ≥ 55 years. Non- probability convenience sampling was used in order to collect data from the respondents. Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) and MESA questionnaire was used to evaluate level of physical activity and presence of urinary incontinence. The association between physical activity and urinary incontinence was measured through Chi-square test. SPSS 21 was used to analyze the data. Results: The mean±SD age of subjects was 64.03± 9.56 years. Level of physical activity found to be significantly associated with urinary incontinence (p≤0.05). A significant association can be seen in participants who are sedentary (p=0.02), who perform moderate physical activity for 30 minutes/day for 5 days/week (p=0.04) and who perform strength activities (p<0.001). Conclusion: Moderate level of regular physical activity at-least 5 days in week and/or activities to increase muscle strength such as weight lifting, calisthenics once a week or more are prevent urinary incontinence in elderly people. Keywords: elderly, incontinence, physical activity, stress incontinence, urinary incontinence, urge incontinence.