Different researchers have previously used surfactants for improving bread qualities and revealed that these compounds result in improving the quality of dough and bread by influencing dough strength, tolerance, uniform crumb cell size, and improve slicing characteristics and gas retention. The objective of this review is to highlight the areas where surfactants are most widely used particularly in the bread industries, their role and mechanism of interaction and their contribution to the quality characteristics of the dough and bread. This review reveals some aspects of surface-active agents regarding its role physiochemical properties of dough that in turn affect the bread characteristics by improving its sensory quality and storage stability.

Background: Cowpea is a major food legume rich in protein but its production has been dwindling by several factors including viral infection due to various virus strains in all agro-ecological zones.Methods: Sixty eight cowpea genotypes were screened against qualitative traits (leaf shape, seed surface, twinning tendency, anthocynin pigment, plant type, fodder type and cream color) and four seed borne viruses viz. cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus (CABMV), black eye cowpea mosaic virus (BlCMV) and bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) under both in situ and laboratory conditions using DAC-ELISA.Result: Based on in situ screening, 16 genotypes were found resistant to all the four viruses, whereas for ELISA, 13 genotypes (27005, 27041, 27075, 27141, 27145, 27146, 27147, 27158, 27160, 27167, 27172, IT85F-1380 and IT86D-719) were found resistant to all. Twelve clusters were obtained from UPGMA based on disease severity. Genotype 27008 (Pakistan) was present in cluster VI and was susceptible to all antisera CMV, CABMV, BICMV and BCMV. Whereas 13 genotypes were present in cluster VIII which were found resistant to all the four antisera applied. Therefore, 13 genotypes suggested for safe use in any breeding program at developing resistant cultivars. First two factors obtained through PCA with eigen-values greater than 1 contributed greater than 80 per cent variability. Twelve distinct groups were observed and these were in coordination with cluster analysis.

In December 2021, we searched for publicly available posts using the terms "hepatitis b" and "hep b". We removed duplicates from the top 55 posts for each term and coded N5103 posts using a validated misinformation codebook with 72 variables including: engagement (e.g., number of likes), user characteristics (e.g., # of followers, # following), profitability (e.g., for profit, selling product or service), and claims with misinformation (determined by medical experts). We applied two-tailed z-tests, chi-square tests, and linear regressions to examine associations between profitability and misinformation (outcome). Results: Nearly a quarter of posts (n524, 23%) contained misinformation about hepatitis B and/or hepatitis B treatment. Misinformation posts had more engagement on average (1,599 likes vs. 970 likes, p, 0.01), were following more accounts (1,127 vs. 889, p5, 0.01), but had fewer followers (mean: 22,920n vs. 70,442, p, 0.001) than accurate posts. Nearly one-third of posts about hepatitis B referenced a conspiracy theory (30%), were for-profit (29%), and were selling a product or service (34%) through Instagram. Significantly more misinformation posts were for profit (47% vs. 14%, p, 0.01) and were selling a product or service (43% vs. 13% p, 0.01) compared to accurate posts. For-profit accounts (b5713, 95% CI 25-1401, p50.04) and those selling a product or service (b5843, 95% CI 196-1490, p50.01) were following significantly more accounts than their counterparts. Conclusion: Online health misinformation poses direct threat to patients and has broader reach and engagement than accurate information. Hepatitis B misinformation may exacerbate health disparities, given that financial incentives are difficult to distinguish, however our findings suggest that a high number of "following" accounts may be a marker for accounts seeking profitability off of Hepatitis B misinformation on Instagram. More research is needed to understand how exposure to health information can influence patient/caregiver behavior and downstream clinical and financial outcomes.

The moisture and ash contents of the flour was determined according to the procedure of American Association of Cereal Chemists (2000) method No.44-15 and 08-01, respectively while for the determination of ash content muffle furnace (Thermolyne F6058, Barnstead Onternational, Dubuque) was used. The Kjeldhal's