The aim of this study was to discover the geneic basis of drought tolerance, a double haploid mapping population, Drought Mapping Population 5 (DR. M.P. 5) was assessed for drought tolerance in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under control and drought stress condition. The germplasm was planted under control and stress conditions. The yield and yield components were recorded. QTLs were detected by linking morphological data with genotypic data. Five drought tolerant wheat lines were found based on a thousand-grain weight, ranging from 49 to 62 g. Novel Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for spike length and grain per spike were identified during the present study. The novel QTLs are of great importance as these may be helpful in finding such regions in genome, which are responsible for drought tolerance contributing characteristics. The D genome is the main allele which denote drought tolerance to hexapoloid wheat while A and B genome in durum contribute the stress tolerant characteristics.

Pakistan has extensive iron (Fe) deficiency in its calcareous soils in Pothwar tract. The problem leads to Fe deficiency Chlorosis in peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) due to high pH and high bicarbonate levels. Foliar as well as soil applications of Fe-EDTA, FeSO 4 and sequestrene were used in pots for amelioration of Fe deficiency in already screened genotypes BARI-2000 (Fe deficiency tolerant) and BARD-699 (Fe deficiency sensitive). Pod number of BARI-2000 increased upto 36% by foliar treatments of Fe-EDTA as compared to control. Soil applications of FeSO 4 resulted 22% increase in pod number in BARI-2000. Pod number of BARD-699 was increased upto 62% and 52% as compared to control when Fe-EDTA and sequestrene were applied as foliar application. Strong correlation was found among photosynthetic rate and total Fe in BARI-2000. Similarly transpiration rate was positively correlated with total Fe and transpiration rate in BARI-2000. In BARD-699 strong correlation was found among photosynthetic rate and morpho-physiological parameters. Similarly transpiration rate was positively correlated with different parameters. Our results suggested that foliar applications were more effective in combating Fe deficiency in peanut.

Effects of Auxin (IBA) Concentrations with Different DippingTime on Root Ability of Grape Cuttings (Vitis Vinifera) IntroductionGrape (Vitis vinifera), which is foremost fruit of regions of temperate, which is reaching nearly seventy seven million tons of fruit production within the world in 2013 (FAO, 2015). Vitis vinifera are edible species of grapes which is commercially propagated through hard wood cutting. Vitaceae family comprises about sixty species. Vitis vinifera (European grapes) Vitis rotundiflia (Muscadine Grapes) and Vitis labrusca (American grapes) belong to most important species of vitaceae family. They belong to genus Vitis. Vitis vinifera (European grapes) are adopted in subtropical condition but other two species are adaptable in temperate climate. Grapes are widely scattered in the world. They are berry fruits of deciduous woody vines. They bear fruit under mild climate. Red Ruby and Flame seedless grapes are the most important horticulture crop in Pakistan due to its seedless quality. They are consumed as fresh, juice, jam and jellies as frozen products. They are trained on wires because they could not bear weight. They have thick skin so they are handled carefully.Vitis vinifera is edible species is native to Mediterranean region. They require long warm, dry summer and winter for their best development. This species is widely scattered in the sub-tropical regions of the world. The family of the Grapes is Vitaceae and genus vitis. The Vitis genus is widely dispersed, mostly between 25° and 50° N latitude in Eastern Asia, Europe, The Middle East, and Northern America. In the genetic diversity it is present in high level genus Vitis contains more than fifty species (Aradhya et al., 2003).In Pakistan Vitis vinifera is commercially propagated through hard wood cutting. One-year old branch is used to make cuttings. Normally planted cutting take more time to sprout. There number of roots also less and survival percentage is also minimum. Auxin hormones are applied on hard wood cutting for stimulation of adventitious roots. Naturally plant produce Auxin in its different part but artificial Auxin carried it to succession by increasing the rooting. Important role of

Background: Cowpea is a major food legume rich in protein but its production has been dwindling by several factors including viral infection due to various virus strains in all agro-ecological zones.Methods: Sixty eight cowpea genotypes were screened against qualitative traits (leaf shape, seed surface, twinning tendency, anthocynin pigment, plant type, fodder type and cream color) and four seed borne viruses viz. cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus (CABMV), black eye cowpea mosaic virus (BlCMV) and bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) under both in situ and laboratory conditions using DAC-ELISA.Result: Based on in situ screening, 16 genotypes were found resistant to all the four viruses, whereas for ELISA, 13 genotypes (27005, 27041, 27075, 27141, 27145, 27146, 27147, 27158, 27160, 27167, 27172, IT85F-1380 and IT86D-719) were found resistant to all. Twelve clusters were obtained from UPGMA based on disease severity. Genotype 27008 (Pakistan) was present in cluster VI and was susceptible to all antisera CMV, CABMV, BICMV and BCMV. Whereas 13 genotypes were present in cluster VIII which were found resistant to all the four antisera applied. Therefore, 13 genotypes suggested for safe use in any breeding program at developing resistant cultivars. First two factors obtained through PCA with eigen-values greater than 1 contributed greater than 80 per cent variability. Twelve distinct groups were observed and these were in coordination with cluster analysis.

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