Seagrass meadows are key elements of marine ecosystems as they affect the physical, chemical and biological environment and provide habitats for fish and invertebrates. Human activities have caused a deterioration in seagrass which has led to unstable benthic habitats; therefore, to prevent major decline, seagrass distribution must be mapped and monitored. Acoustic systems allow researchers, scientists and decision makers to collect highresolution datasets such as bathymetry, backscatter and sub-bottom profiles. These systems are able to characterise the properties of the seafloor including plants, sediments and habitats. In this review, we examine seagrass mapping, monitoring and detection applications using acoustic systems in the literature. Although there are various methodologies for data collection, processing, classification and validation, these are limited to certain seagrass species or study areas. Further worldwide research is required to achieve consistent seagrass detection systems with data acquisition, pre-processing, classification and post-processing.
is examined by use of measurements in 5 Istanbul GPS Triangulation Network (IGNA) benchmark points, with five repeatability measurements up to 50 km from the station. The CORS-TR network RTK solution is used at the same points, and the results are compared. The measured coordinates produced by the two RTK solutions are compared with the IGNA point coordinates. Satellite geometry, initialisation time and the standard deviation of repeatability are also determined. The differences between measured and known coordinates are calculated as 1-2 cm horizontally and close to 3 cm vertically using the YLDZ single base RTK method.Después de la década de los 90, el Sistema Global de Navegación por satélite/Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GNSS/GPS, en inglés), basado en tecnología de Navegación Cinética Satelital en Tiempo Real (RTK, del inglés Real Time Kinematic) se convirtió en la técnica preferida en el mundo y que todavía se utiliza en varias aplicaciones como el monitoreo, sistemas de alerta temprana y mapeo e ingeniería de aplicativos. Para finales de 2008, los aplicativos de ingeniería utilizan la red de Estaciones de Referencia de Funcionamiento Continuo (CORS-TR, un proyecto establecido en Turquía) para determinar posiciones en tres dimensiones a lo largo del territorio turco. Por otro lado, las estaciones RTK de una sola base han funcionado en Turquía. La YLDZ es una estación de este tipo que fue establecida en la Universidad Técnica de Yildiz por el departamento de Ingeniería Geomática en 2012. En este trabajo se examina el desempeño de la estación YLDZ a través de la medición de cinco puntos de referencia del Sistema de Triangulación GPS de Estambul (IGNA, en inglés) con cinco mediciones repetitivas a más de 50 km de la estación. Similares medidas RTK se hicieron con la red CORS-TR y se compararon los resultados. Las dos mediciones producidas por las soluciones RTK se compararon con los puntos de coordenadas IGNA. También se determinó la geometría satelital, el tiempo de inicialización y la desviación estándar de la repetibilidad. Las diferencias entre las coordenadas medidas y las coordenadas conocidas se calcularon en un rango de 1-2 centímetros horizontalmente y cerca de 3 centímetros verticalmente para la estación YLDZ con el método RTK. ABSTRACT RESUMEN
Öz Kıyı izleme, doğal kaynakların yönetimi, çevresel planlama ile ilgili konularda hayati bir rol oynamaktadır. Kıyı alanlarında kıyı erozyonu, sediman taşınımı ve kıyı morfodinamiğinin değişimi sadece doğal etkenlerden değil aynı zamanda insan kaynaklı da olabilmektedir. Gelişen teknoloji ile insansız hava araçları lokal alanlarda hızlı, güvenilir veri toplama araçları olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Sunulan çalışmada Terkos bölgesi "Sürdürülebilir Kıyı Bölgesi İzleme Modeli İçin İnsansız Hava Araçları Entegrasyonu-Üç Boyutlu Otomatik Kıyı Ekstraksiyonu ve Analizi" başlıklı "TÜBİTAK Projesi (Proje No: 115Y718)" kapsamında üretilen ortofoto görüntü kullanılmıştır. GNSS ölçüleri ve elle sayısallaştırma sonuçları karşılaştırılarak insansız hava araçlarının, uluslararası standartlar çerçevesinde kıyı çizgilerinin belirlenmesindeki kullanım olanakları araştırılmıştır.
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