Carbapenems are considered last-resort antibiotics in health care. Increasing reports of carbapenemase-producing bacteria in food-producing animals and in the environment indicate the importance of this phenomenon in public health. Surveillance for carbapenemase genes and carbapenemase-producing bacteria in Dutch food-producing animals, environmental freshwater, and imported ornamental fish revealed several chromosome-based bla OXA-48 -like variants in Shewanella spp., including two new alleles, bla OXA-514 and bla . Carbapenemase genes were not associated with mobile genetic elements or Enterobacteriaceae.

The trade in live animals and animal products is considered one of the major drivers of zoonotic disease emergence. Schiphol airport in the Netherlands is one of the largest European airports and is considered a main hub for legal and illegal import of exotic animals. However, so far there is little information about what pathogens these imported animals might carry with them. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the zoonotic risks of exotic animals imported into the Netherlands through Schiphol airport in 2013 and 2014. Based on a previous list of highly prioritised emerging zoonoses for the Netherlands (EmZoo list), WAHID and Promed databases, literature and expert opinions, a list of 143 potentially relevant zoonotic pathogens was compiled. In a step-wise selection process eighteen pathogen-host combinations that may pose a public health risk by the import of exotic animals via Schiphol airport were identified and these were assessed by expert elicitation. The five pathogens with the highest combined scores were Salmonella spp., Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, West Nile virus, Yersinia pestis and arenaviruses, but overall, the public health risk of the introduction of these exotic pathogens into the Netherlands via the legal import of exotic animals was considered low. However, the vast majority of imported exotic animals were imported by trade companies, increasing the risk for specific groups such as retail and hobbyists/pet owners. It is expected that the risk of introduction of exotic zoonotic pathogens via illegal import is substantial due to the unknown health status. Due to changing trade patterns combined with changing epidemiological situation in the world and changing epidemiological features of pathogens, this risk assessment needs regular updating. The results could give directions for further adjusting of health requirements and risk based additional testing of imported exotic animals.

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Purpose: Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium spp. are the major cause of diarrhea in the world and Mozambican children. The report of waterborne cryptosporidiosis and rotaviruses and the cross infection of both between humans and animals, suggests the existence of zoonotic transmission. In this context the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium spp. in children admitted to Hospitals in central Mozambique.Methods & Materials: A total of 171 children up to 14 years old admitted with diarrhea at Central Hospital of Beira and Provincial Hospital of Quelimane, from June 2015 to March 2017, were enrolled. In total 165 fecal samples were collected and examined by ELISA method to detect Rotavirus and microscopic method (modified Ziehl-Neelsen) to search Cryptosporidium spp. Data were analysed by means of SPSS v.16, using Chi-square test.Results: Overall 15.8% (26/165) of the samples were positive for Rotavirus and 6.6% (11/165) for Cryptosporidium spp. Children aged from 01 to 11 months were the most affected, 23.2% (13/56) and 12.5% (7/56) by both parasites, respectively. The most of children who drank untreated water were infected by Rotavirus, 17.3% (18/104) and Cryptosporidium spp., 8.7% (9/104), resulting in a significant association between the consumption of untreated water and the frequency of infection by Cryptosporidium spp. (p = 0.044). The majority of the children, 66.4% (109/164), had contact with animals and 20.1% (22/109) of them were Rotavirus positive. There was a significant association between the frequency of infection and the contact with animals (p = 0.044), at 5% significance level. Conclusion:The frequency of Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium spp. was high. The association of the exposure of children to the consumption of untreated water and contact with animals to the infection by pathogens with zoonotic potential represents an alert for the implementation of researches which would elucidate the role of zoonosis in diarrhea outbreaks and consequently generate subsidies to direct policies towards its prevention and control in Mozambique.